added pathos. His general treatment is broad and realistic, and his color, at lirst pronounced, was afterwards modified with peculiar, misty atmospheric ellects. l.->raels's etcliings are nota- ble for their simplicity and sureness of touch. Consult: Xetclier and Zilehem, Joncf Israels, I'homme et Vartiste (Amsterdam, 1891); Ma- ther. History of Modern Painting (New York, 1896).
ISBAFIL, es'r4-fel'. The archangel of music,
who, according to later Mohammedan belief, will
sound the last, trump on the day of resurrection,
standing upon the rock of the temple at Jerusa-
lem <alfing mankind to the last judgment. His
jdaying will be one of the delights of paradise.
The name dfies not occur either in the Koran
or Traditions. He is, however, supposed by
commentators to be the angel mentioned in
Suras XX. 107, 1. 40, and liv. (J. Like much of
tile angelologj' of Moliammedanism, this repre-
sents a superstructure due to later Jewish and
Christian influences.
ISSACHAR, is'sa-kiir. (1) One of the tribes
of Israel, descended according to the Book of
Genesis (.xxx. 17) from Issachar. the ninth son
of Jacob and filth of Leah. The name is ex-
plained as meaning 'there is reward,' and is
interpreted by tlic Yahwistic writer by a refer-
ence to the 'mandrakes' with which Leah 'hired'
her husband from lier sister Eachel (Gen. xxx.
IG); by the Elohist as Leah's reward for giving
her liandmaid Zilpali to Jacob (xxx. 18). A
])hiusible conjecture is that the real meaning is
"hired laborer,' and that the name is due to the
subject condition of the tribe at some period
of its history (cf. Gen. xlix. 141.5). The tribe's
lot in Palestine included the Plain of Esdraelon,
but the Canaanites were but imperfectly dis-
possessed. Deborah and Barak are supposed to
have belonged to the trilje, also Baasha. third
kin" of Israel ( I. Kings .w. 27 ) . The reference
to Issachar in the blessing of Moses (Deut. xxxiii.
18-10) has been thought to refer to sanctuaries
in the territory of the tribe which were visited
by non-Israelites (probably Phoenicians) to the
advantage of the Issacharites.
(2) A character in Drvden's AbsaJom and Achitophel, representing T'homas Tliyme. mur- dered because of his attentions to Lady Elizabeth Percy.
ISSIK-KUL, .'-s'sek-knol'. A lake in the Cen-
tral .-iiatic Province of Seniiryetchensk. Russia,
lying to the south of Lake Balkash (Map: Asia,
G 4). It is about 38 miles in width and 112
miles long, with an estimated area of over 2000
square miles. It receives a number of small
streams, and its water is brakish: its" shores
are low and sparsely inhabited. The chief set-
tlement is Przhevalsk. situated on the eastern
shore and named in honor of the famous explorer
Przhevalsky.
ISSLAND, island. In the Nihelungenlied
(q.v.), the Kingdom of Brunhilda.
ISSOTIDUN, A'sTHi'deN'. The capital of an
arrondissement in the Department of Indre,
France, situated on the river Thcolle. on the rail-
road from Orleans to Limoges. 22 miles southwest
of Bourses (Map: France. H r>) . Tt has a munici-
pal college, a library, and a museum, the latter
installed in an ancient building known as the
White Tower. It has quarries of lithographic
stone and manufactures of textiles. The town
dates from ante-Roman times, but it has preserved few ancient remains, as it has often been ravaged by wars, and has been .several times destroyed by fire. Population, in 1901, 14,222.
ISSUE (OF. issue, eissue, essue, Fr. issue, from OF. issir, cissir, to go out, from Lat. cxire, to go out, from ex, out -|- ire, to go). In legal procedure, the stage of an action when, in the course of pleading, the parties come to a point which is:ilUniied b}' the one and denied by the other. The term is derived from exitus, and denotes that the pleadings have come to an end. The litigants are at issue. It is also used to designate the point or question thus raised by the pleadings. In this sense the issue may be one either of law or of fact. If the former, it is decided by the court without the intervention of a jury; if the latter, it is determined by a jury, or, in equity practice, by a judge. In some of the States of the Union issues of both kinds may by consent of parties be tried by a referee. An issue of fact arises when a material niatteT of fact is asserted by one party and denied by the other. An issue of law arises when one party, admitting for the purposes of the issue that the facts alleged by his adversary are true, denies that they are sullicient to constitute a cause of action or a defence.
When a court of law or equity is sitting without a jury, it sometimes happens that a question of fact arises upon which the decision of a jury is dtsired. A fictitious suit is there- upon framed, involving the point in question, and brought to trial before a jury summoned for the purpose. The verdict rendered, being returned to the court, is accepted as a settlement of the issue of fact, and the trial of the cause out of which that issue grew thereupon proceeds. In some States a feigned issue in such eases is not required, the actual question as it arises being submitted to a jurj- by order of court. See General Issi;e; and consult the works referred to under Plbi4DING.
IS'SUS (Lat., from Gk. 'Itrcris). An ancient
seaport on a gulf of the same name (now the
Gulf of Iskanderun) in Cilicia, Asia Minor. It
possessed great strategic importance in ancient
times on account of its position on the narrow
defile leading from Syria into Cilicia. At Issus
.Alexander the Great overwhelmed Darius (B.C.
3.S.3). Nearby, Septimius Severus overthrew Pes-
cennius Niger, his rival for the Imperial throne,
A.I). 1!I4, and in the neighborhood the Emperor
Heraclius defeated the Persians in A.D. 022.
The exact site of Issus has not been determined.
ISSY, J'se'. A town in the French Department of Seine, situated about a mile and a half Northwest of Paris, with which it is connected by a street railway. It has a seminary, a castle, and a home for the aged. There are manufactures of silk, paint, oil, etc. The fortifications of Issy suffered considerably during the siege of Paris in 1370-71. but have since been restored. Population, in 1901, 16,639.
IS'TER. The ancient name of the Danube in its lower course.
ISTHMIA, is'mi-.T, or ISTHMIAN GAMES. See Isthmus.
ISTHMIAN CANALS. See [[The New International Encyclopædia/Nicaragua Canal|Nicaragua Canal]]; Panama Canal.
