KARLOWITZ. 402 KARLSRUHE. tion, in 1890, 5498; in 1900, 5643, mostly Croats and Serbs. KARLSBAD, karls'but, or CARLSBAD. One of the most celebrated watering,' jjhici's of Europe, situated in the nortliwestern part of Bohemia, on both banks of the Tepl, at an eleva- tion of 1165 feet, 116 miles by rail west-north- west of Prague (Map: Austria, CI). It lies in a narrow and romantic valley, inclosed by wood- ed heights. It is an elaborately laid-out town, with a number of fine streets, a niai,'nifkent park, a splendid French Renaissance Kurliaus, two theatres, churches of dill'orent dciioiiiiiia- tions, and several elegant eafCs picturesquely situated. The .Sinudel colonnade is a striking iron and glass structure. The mineral springs for which Karlsbad is famous are li) in number, and range in temperature from 105° to 47° F. The oldest and l)est known is the Spriulel ( 1G5° ) , located on the right bank of the Tepl. The waters of Karlsbad are clear, odnrless, and salty, and chiclly used for drinking ])urposes. Their chief ingredients are sulphate of soda, carbonate of soda, and connnon salt, and they are cllicaeious in cases of dyspepsia, rheumatism, gout, etc. They are exi)orted extensively. The springs issue from a hard rock, and form a kind of crust known as Sprudelstein or Spriidelschale. which serves for the manufacture of various useful articles and ornaments The salt obtained from the water is shipped in very large (|uantities, as are also Sprudel soap and Sjirudel pastilles. Karlsliad is essentially an aristocratic resort. It is visited , annually by over .'55.000 guests. Out.side of the productions connected with the mineral springs there are manufactures of porcelain ware, and various products associated with agriculture. Population, in ISOO, 12.0.3.3; in 1900, 14,640. Local legend ascribes the discovery of the hot springs of Karlsbad to Charles IV. in 1347, but Ihejr curative |)ro]ierties were known long be- fore. Charles IV.. however, gave importance to the place by building a hunting-seat here, and bestowing many privileges upon the town. The waters of Karlsbad were tised only for bathing until about 1520. The first Kurhaus was built in 1711. In 1707 the town was raised to the rank of a free royal city. In 1819 a conference arranged by the German States was lield at Karlsbad, resulting in the issue of the Carls- bad Decrees (q.v.). Consult: Friedcnthal, Dcr Kurort Karlsbad topographisch nnd mcdizinisch (Vienna, 1895) ; Flcckles. Dcr Karlxhadrr Kiir- fjast (2d ed.. Karlsbad, 1880) : Cartellieri. Karls- had aJs Kurort (Karlsbad, 1888) : id.. Karlsbad, die Htadt untj Hire Umrjcbitnri (Karlsbad. 1888) ; Oswald. Karlsbad und Umgehungeti (12th ed., Berlin. 1896). KARLSBURG, karls'boorK (Hun. Oi/iilafe- herrdr). A town of Transylvania. Hungary, on the right bank of the ilaros, 50 miles south of Klausenburg. in an agricultural and stock-rais- ing country (!Map: Hungary, H 3), It is built on and at the foot of a fortified hill. The. fine Gothic cathedral dates from 1443. There is an interesting archa'ologieal museum. The district is noted for excellent ^-ines. Karlsburg is ne.ir the site of the ancient Apulum. remains of which can still be seen. Population, in 1900. 9669, nearlv all Maygars and Kumans. KARLSHAMN, kfirlsliam. A seaport of Southern Sweden, on the Baltic, about 30 miles west of Karlskrona (Map: Sweden, F 8). The town has a nautical school and large distilleries, and is also an export centre for granite, lumber, charcoal, and fish. It was founded in 1664. ropul.ation, in 1S92, 7000; in 1901, 7100. KARLSKRONA, kiirls-kroo'na, or CARLS- CRONA. The naval headquarters of Sweden, and ea|iital of the Liin of Karlskrona, situated near the southeastern extremity of the country, on the island of Trotsii and adjoining islets iu the lialtic, which are coimectcd with each other and with the mainland by bridges ( .Maj) : Sweden, F 8). Its streets, although in many places hilly, are wide and straight, and it 'has several parks and in-omenades. Among its educational institu- tions are a liigh school, a deaf-nuite institute, and a nautical college in a fine building in the style of the Florentine Renaissance. The nuinufaetures are few, but the trade of the city is considerable, as there is a magnificent harbor with a sullicicnt depth of water to lloat the largest vessels. The harbor is provided with arsenals and shipyards, and with large docks blasted out of granite rocks. The nay yard is one of the largest and best in Europe, and is defended by strong fortifications. The town imports textile fabrics, oil. tobacco, sugar, foodstull's, and coal, and exports various sorts of lumber, also fish, paving-stones, pig iron, and sheet iron. Population, in 18!12, 21,- 419; in 1901. 23.955. Karlskrona was founded by Charles XI. in 1680. KARLSRUHE, kilrls'roo'c. The capital of the (iraiul Duchy of Baden, Germany, situated a few miles east "of the Rhine, 30 miles north- northwest of Stuttgart (Map: Germany, C 4). It is laid out in the form of an open fan. the streets radiating from the palace as a. centre. The streets are wide and well ])aved, and adorned with many excellent monumenti^. The princi|)al square is the Schlossplatz, with six fountains and a statue of Grand Duke Charles Frederick. Karls- ruhe ha.s played a distinct and important role in the evolution of modern German architecture. Of the religious buildings, the nio.st interesting are the Evangelical Church (1817). containing the ducal tombs; the Roman Catholic Church (1808), built in the style of the Pantheon: and the early Gothic Liebfr.auen Church (1891 ). The palace, dating from 1750, is in the French Man- sard style, and has a tower 1-15 feet higli. The eastern wing contains the Zjihringen Museum and the ducal stables. At the western end. and connected with the palace by an arcade, is the Court Theatre, built in Romanesque style in 1851-53. 'The new palace of the Crown Prince is conspicuous. The educational institutions of Karlsruhe are comprehensive and excellent. They include in part a technical high school, scliotil of forestry, the oldest institution of its kind in Germany, a gj'mnasiuui, three seminaries for teachers, an engineering school, a school of archi- tecture, a conservatory of music, and an art school with a museum. The Karlsruhe School of Art was founded in 1853, and has been in- fiuential in Germany. The Hall of Art contains an extensive and interesting collection of modern paintings, engravings, and frescoes. The United Grand Ducal Collections comprise, besides their historic library of 165,000 volumes, ethnological, zoiilngical. geological, mineralogical. and anti- quarian specimens. Karlsruhe is the seat of numerous scientific, artistic, and industrial or- ganizations, benevolent institutions, and the
