KASKASKIA. 408 KASSITES. in 1900, 177 (Map: Illinois, B C). In 1G73 Juliet visited the Ka-skaskia Indians, then living near the site of what is now Utica, 111., and in 107;) Marquette established a mission among them. In 1700 both mission and village were moved to the site of the present Kaskaskia. It is accordingly the oldest permanent settlement in the Mississippi Valley. The English gained ])osscssion of it by treaty in 1703. and in 1772 made Kaskaskia the capital of their territory in this part of the countrj-. On July 4, 1778, George Rogers Clark (q.v.), with 200 backwoods- men, captured it for Virginia — an event which liad much to do with the cession of the western territory to the Unil-ed States in 1783. For many years Kaskaskia was the most important settlement in the 'Illinois Country,' and aft<?r the organization of Illinois in 1800 was the Territorial and State capital until 1820. since which time it has steadily declined. Originally it was three miles from the Mississippi ; but the river gradually encroached and united with the Okaw in 1881, thus converting the greater part of the old site into an island, which in 1890 wholly disappeared. About one-third of the old town site, with the foundations of the church and the 8tate House, still remains. Consult: Ma.son, "Kaskaskia and Its Parish Records." in ilarjazine of American History, vol. vi. (Xew York, 1880), and an article. "Kaskaskia: . Vanished Capital," in the C'hautauquan, vol. XXX. (Meadville, Pa., 1900). KASR-EL-KEBIE, kas'r 61 ke-ber' (Sp. Al- cazar Quirir). A town of Morocco, on the Luc- eos, 23 miles from its month, at El Araish, on the Atlantic, and 60 miles south of Tangiers. Its chief edifice is an ancient mosque. The town is the centre of an orange-growing district, and has manufactures of wine. Population, about 25.000. King Sebastian of Portugal was de- feated and killed here in a battle on August 4, 1578. KASSABA, kas-sa1)a. A town in Asia ^Nlinor. See C.vssAn.v. KASSALA, kfts-sala. A towTi of Northern Africa, situated at the southeastern end of Egj'p- tian Sudan, near the Abyssinian frontier (Map: Africa, H 3) . Prior ^x) the uprising of the Mahdi it belonged to Eg^'pt, and was a prosperous town of 20.000 inhabitants. It was almost completely mincKl by the Mahdists. and wa-s taken by the Italians in 1894. In accordance with the Anglo- Italian convention, it was restored to Egypt in 1897. Its present population is estimated at 10.000. KASSAPA, kas'sS-pa, KASYAPA, ka'shya- pa. See MAnA-K.4STAPA. KASSEL, Ivfts'scl. A city of Prussia. See Cassi:!,. KASSIMOV, kiisr'mAv. Capital of a district of the same name in the Government of Riazan, Russia, situated on the left bank of the Oka (!Map: Russia, F 4). It contains a number of manufacturing establishments. i)rincipally tan- neries. It was formerlv the residence of a Tatar khan. Population, in 1897, 13,.500. KAS'SITES. An Elamitish people, whose princes for 477 years ruled over Babylonia. In the cuneiform inscriptions they are called Kash- ^hu. Delitzsch regards this name as referring to the Cossaans (Koo-ffoioi) , mentioned by Poly- bius v. 44, 7; Strabo xi. 13, G; xvi. 1, 18; Dio- dorus xviii. Ill; and Arrian, Attub., vii. 15, 1 — a warlike people living in the Zagros Mountain* near the borders of iJedia, against whom Alex- ander fought. Oppert and Lelimann identify the Kashsliu with the Cissians (Klaaioi), mentioned by .Eschylus (Chorpli. 424, I'crsw 17), Herodo- tus, and others. The fact that Sennacherib found the Kashnhu in the same region where the Cossirans were in the days of Alexander (An- nals, i. G3-ii. 7) favors the first view. But Leh- mann thinks that this is only an instance of the constantly occurring extension of a territorial name. As the Kassite kings seem to have looked upon Karduniash, a district near the Persian Gulf, as in some sense their home, the opinion that would connect them with Southern Elam is perhaps more plausible. The Kassites ap- parently invaded Babylonia from Karduniash about B.C. 1717. Gandish (u.c. 1717-01) was the first King. According to a Babylonian list of kings, he was followed bv Agumishi (B.C. 1701-1G79), Bibiyashi (li.c. " 1079-57) , Dushi (B.C. 1G57-49), Adumetash (B.C. 1649-?), and Tashzigurumash. If the last of these is identi- cal with Tashshigurun.a.sh, the father of Agum- kakrinii, as is probable, this great king reigned about B.C. 1611-1571. An inscription of Agum- kakrimi shows that he ruled over a wide terri- tory, including, besides Susiana and Babylonia, Mesopotamia (Padan), Kurdistan, and the land bordering on Media (Alvas and Guti). During his time sta.tues of Marduk and Zarpanit were recovered that had been carried away by the people of Chani probably in the time of the Sec- ond Babylonian Dynasty. He also built temples. There is a break in the list of kings after Tash- zigurumash, after which the names of ten kings are given. But from the summary at the bot- tom we know that there were thirty-six kings of this dynasty, leigning 57G years and 9 months. Contract tablets, royal inscriptions, and the so- called S^Tichronistic History of Assyria and Babylonia give us the names of a number of the missing kings, and by reference to their contem- poraries in Assyria and in Eg-pt it is possible to fix the dates of some of these approximately. Thus Adadmushishir may have been the eleventh king (c.1511-1491 B.C.), and his successors Ku- dur Turgu (c. 1491-70 B.C.) and Sliagarakti Bur- riash (C.1476-.58 B.C.). Karaindash (c.1458-40 B.C.) made a treaty with Asshurbilnishishi of Assyria, according to an account of the relations between the two kingdoms drawn up for political purposes in the reign of Adadnirari III. (B.C. 811- 783). Four of his letters are among the Amarna tablets. His son was Kada.shman IJil (c.I440-23 B.C.). who corresponded with Amenophis III. (B.C. 143701). Burnaburiash I. (c.142.3-05 B.C.) fought with PuzTir Asshur of Assyria, and his son, Kurigalzu I. (c.1405-1305 B.C.), is men- tioned as the father of Burnaburiash II. (B.C. 1300-05). who had relations with Amenophis IV. of Egypt (B.C. 1401-1389), as four letters in the Amarna Collection show. Karachardash (B.C. 1365-45) married a daughter of the As- svrian King .^sshundiallit, and their son Ka- dasbmancharbi I. (B.C. 1345-39) made a suc- cessful campaign against the Sutu. but was killed by Xazibugash, who sought to usurp the throne. He was put to death, however, by Asshuruballit, and the old line was reestab- lished by the accession of Kurigalzu II. (B.O.
