KEIKI. 428 KEITH. the Mikado. KOiki avoidcj factions and on- deuvorcd to steer his way floar amid multiply- ing foniplicalions. JIc .suiiiiiiim«'d the dainiios to a delil)orative asseml)ly i" Kioto to eon>ider the situation. hen the i^ho^in lyenioehi died of kak'ke, August 8, ISdIi, the Court conferred upon KC'iki the headsliip of the Tokugawa fam- ily. One of the most notable events of the new regime was the repeal of the old ordinanw forliid- ding .lapanese to leave the country. On the ilth of Xovemlier, ISO", he resigned the olhce of Sho- gun, a post he had keen very unwilling to ac- cept, hut leaving Kioto .January ."i, lS(iS. after the coup d'etat (.Taiuiary .'!. IS(IS) which changed the whole system of administration, placed a new Governnu'nt in power, subject to the Jlikado only, he was later recalled from Osaka by the Mikado and the new Goveriuuent, who assured him of their friendship. With his army he set out on January 27th, but his troops were defeated at Fushinii. Ki'iki fled to Vedo. first notifying the foreign ministers then in Osaka that he was no longer able to give (hem any protection. Arrived at Vedo, he decided to submit to the Mikado, and requested his .supporters to do the same. His submission was acceptoil. pardon was granted, and he retired to Shidzuoka. His private name was Ichido. KEIL, kil, Heixrich Oottfried Theodob (1822-04). A (iernian ])hilologist, bom at Gressow. near Wismar. After studying at the universities of Giittingen and Bonn, he S])ent two years in investigating the manuscripts pre- served in the libraries of Italy. In 185!) he was made professor of classical |)hilology at Erlan- gen, and from ISfiO until his death filled a similar chair at the University of Halle. He is celebrated chiefly for his remarkable criti- cal editi(jn of (he (Irainmntiri Lalini (185.5-80). His other well-known works arc editions of the Epistiila- of Pliny the Younger (2d cd. 1870. with index by ilonimsen) : Varro's Rnruin Ru!<licaru7n Libri Tres. with conimentarv (1882-84); and Cato's Do Agri CiiUiira (1802"). KEIL, JoiiANx Karl Friedricii (1807-88). A Lutheran theologian, born in Laiiterbach, near Oelsnitz, Saxony. He was educated at Dorjiat and Berlin, and returned in 1833 to teach at the former college, where he remained until his retire- ment to Leipzig with a pension in 1858. He was joint editor of commentaries upon various books of (he Old Testament ( lSf)l-r)7 ) , which exhausted several German editions, and were also trans- lated into English. He had published |)reviously Der Tcmpcl S>alonius (1830) ; Lehrhuch drr hi.i- torisch -l:ri tis^-hen Einleiliing in die Hchriflen dcs Alien Testaments (1855): Ilandbueh der Itih- li.ichen Areliiiolofiie (1858-50). KEIM. kirn. Karl TiiEonoR (1825-78). A German Protestant theologian. He was born at Stuttgart, and studied under F. C. Baur at the University of Tubingen, devoting him- self to philosophy, ecclesiastical history, and biblical criticism. Having successively been tutor at ITni and a( Tiibingen. vicar at Stuttgart, deacon and archdeacon at Ksslingen. he became professor of theologv at the T^niversitv of Zurich in ISfiO. and at that of G lessen in 1873. He w^as prominent amons the liberal theologians of Ger- many, and published several volumes on the his- tory of the Reformation in Swabia. but is chiefly rememhered as (he author of the Gexehiehte Jpxu von Tta^arn (18(i7 72), one of the best works on (he life of Chrisf from a rationalistic point of view. An Knglish lianslation of it W'as published in London under the title Je.siix of '(iz(irelh, and the Suliondl Life of laruel (1873-82). KEISER, kl'zer, Reimiaru ( l(i74-1730) . A celebrated Gernuin composer, born at Teuchern, near Weissenfels. He rcceiveil his early musical education from his father, and later perfected him.^ell in the art, while at the Thomasschule, and the University of Leipzig. His first success, Jsmene, produced when he was but eighteen years of age, was f(dlowed one year later by the opera liasiliiis, which established his reputation, and led to his removal to Hamburg, then the leading operatic centre of (Jermany. lie is credited with about one lunidred and twenty operas during the forty-five years of his residence there, and is most remarkable for his originality in concep- tion, design, and execution. He was the first German to utilize German folklore and popular subjects as the text of his music, and also the first to attempt to express the sentiments of the characters in nuisic. In 1728, immediately after his return from Copenhagen, where for six years he had acted as ujusical director to Ihe King, he was appointed canon and caiilor of .Saint Catha- rine's Church, Hamburg. His compositions in- cliule oratorios, cantatas, motets, psalms, passion music, and consi<lcral)le secular and chamber music. He died at Hamburg. KEITH, keth. A Scottish historical house which first appears on record during the latter half of the twelfth century. It took its name from the lands of Keith in East Lothian, to which the othce of the King's marischal was at- tached. About 1458 Sir W'n.Lnxr Keith was created Earl Marischal and Lord Keith. His house reached its highest jiower in the (lerson of his great-great-grandson, the fourth Earl, who by marriage with his kinswoman, the co-heiress of Inverugie, nearly doubled the faunly domains, which now included lands in seven shires. These vast possessions passed to his gran<lson (Jeorge, the fifth earl, who, in 1503. founded the Jlari- schal College and University of Aberdeen. After adding the lands of the ancient Abbey of Deer to his estates, misfortunes fell upon the house, and within less than a centiiry Dunnottar Avas in ruins, and its lord a landless exile. At the age of twenty-two. Georce. the tenth and last Earl Marischal. took part, with his younger brother .lAjrr.s. in the rising of 1715. He was attainted, and his estates were forfeited, but he himself escaped abroad, where he rose to dis- tinction in the Prussian service. His communi- cation to the British Government of a political secret which he learned when Prussian Ambassa- dor at Madrid procured his pardon in 1759. A year or two afterwards he revisited l^cotland. and bought back ])art of the family estates, hut re- fused the lu-olfercd restoration of the family titles. He speedily returned to Prussia, and died there in 1778 at the age of eighty-six. His brother, who bad risen in the Prussian .service to the rank of field-marshal, fell at Hochkirch in 1758. (See Keith. .Tames.) Neither having any issue, the direct male line of the house came to an end. Consult: Douglas, Peerage of fleotlnnd ; Buchan. The Aneient and Noble Familif of Keith (Peter- head. 1820). KEITH, Alexander (1701-1880). A Free Church of Scotland divine. He was born at Keitli Hall, Aberdeenshire, November 30, 1791;
