JACK′SON. A city and the county-seat of Jackson County, Mich., 76 miles west of Detroit; on the Grand River, and on the Michigan Central, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Grand Trunk, and the Cincinnati Northern railroads (Map: Michigan, J 6). It is built on both sides of the river; the principal streets are paved with brick; and among more prominent features are the State prison, a public library, and a fine United States Government building. Jackson is the centre of a productive farming region, and coal and fire-clay exist in the vicinity. It has a considerable trade in agricultural produce, and is also an important wholesale distributing point, especially for reaping and mowing machines. Its extensive manufactures include foundry and machine-shop products, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, milling machinery, flour, sewer-pipe, fire-brick, paper, corsets, etc. The Michigan Central Railroad has large car and machine shops here. Under a revised charter of 1897, the government is vested in a mayor, annually elected, a city council, and administrative departments, all governed by boards which are appointed by the executive. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Jackson was settled in 1829, but it did not develop rapidly until after railroad communication was opened by the Michigan Central in 1841. It was chartered as a city in 1857. Population, in 1890, 20,798; in 1900, 25,180.
JACKSON. The capital of the State of Mississippi and the county-seat of Hinds County, 180 miles north of New Orleans, La.; on the Pearl River, and on the Illinois Central, the Queen and Crescent Route, the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley, and other railroads (Map: Mississippi, E 6). Besides the State Capitol, the Governor's mansion and United States Government building are prominent structures. There are also Millsaps College (Methodist Episcopal), founded in 1892, Bellhaven College for young ladies, State institutions for the deaf and dumb, the blind and the insane, James Observatory, and the State Library. Among the points of interest are the remains of fortifications erected at the siege of Jackson in 1863, a Confederate monument, and a statue of Jefferson Davis. The city is in a cotton-growing section, and has considerable trade, and valuable manufactures, including cottonseed products, lumber and lumber products—staves, hubs, spokes, etc.—brooms, machinery, plows, and harrows. The government is administered, under a revised charter of 1882, by a mayor, biennially elected, and a unicameral council. Settled about 1830, Jackson was incorporated ten years later. During the Civil War it was occupied in 1863 by General Grant, and in 1864 was for the most part destroyed by General Sherman. Population, in 1890, 5920; in 1900, 7816.
JACKSON. A city and the county-seat of Jackson County, Ohio, 100 miles south by east of Columbus; on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo, and the Detroit Southern railroads (Map: Ohio, E 7). Coal and iron mining are the leading industries, and there are iron-furnaces, foundries, a tannery, a woolen-factory, plow-works, etc. Jackson, settled as early as 1795, and incorporated in 1847, is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a council. Population, in 1890, 4320; in 1900, 4672.
JACKSON. A city and the county-seat of Madison County, Tenn., 85 miles northeast of Memphis; on the south fork of the Forked Deer River, and on the Illinois Central, the Mobile and Ohio, and the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Tennessee, C 5). The Southwestern Baptist University, Lane University, and the Memphis Conference Female Institute are situated here, and there are public and collegiate libraries. Highland Park is a place of scenic interest and a summer amusement resort. The city carries on an extensive cotton trade, marketing annually 50,000 bales; and among its industrial establishments are cotton and cotton-seed oil mills, boiler and engine works, furniture, heading, spoke, skewer, plow, sewing-machine, and carriage factories, grain-mills, woolen-mills, and a trousers factory. The cultivation of fruits and vegetables is largely carried on in this vicinity. Settled in 1810, Jackson was incorporated in 1854. The charter of that year, with subsequent amendments, provides for a government by a mayor, elected biennially, and a council which controls appointments to all subordinate administrative offices, excepting those of recorder and tax collector. The city owns and operates its water-works and electric street-lighting plant. Population, in 1890, 10,039; in 1900, 14,511.
JACKSON, Abraham Reeves (1827-92). An American physician, born in Philadelphia. He graduated at the Pennsylvania Medical College in 1848, practiced in Stroudsburg, Pa., and Chicago, Ill.; founded and became surgeon general of the Woman's Hospital of Illinois; was made professor of gynecology in the Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1872; later became president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Chicago, and at the time of his death was president of the American Association of Gynecologists. He was an honorary member of several medical societies, and author of numerous papers, among which may be mentioned Removal of Large Urethro-vesical Calculus (1858); Successful Removal of Both Ovaries (1866); Removal of Fibrous Tumor of Uterus (1872).
JACKSON, Abraham Valentine Williams (1862—). An American Indo-Iranian scholar, born in New York City. He graduated at Columbia in 1883, there held a fellowship in letters from 1883 to 1886, and was instructor in the Anglo-Saxon and Iranian languages from 1887 to 1891. After advanced study at the University of Halle, Germany (1887-89), he was appointed adjunct professor of English language and literature in Columbia (1891). In 1895 he was selected to occupy the chair of Indo-Iranian languages, then newly founded. He became well known as a lecturer on various subjects appertaining to English literature and the Orient, and in 1901, during a visit to India and Ceylon, received special attention from the Parsis, who presented to Columbia a valuable collection of Zoroastrian manuscripts in recognition of the instruction there given by him in their ancient texts. In 1903 he made a second journey to the Orient, this time visiting Persia. He was elected a director of the American Oriental Society, and published A Hymn of Zoroaster (1888); An Avesta Grammar in Comparison with Sanskrit (1892); An Avesta Reader (1893); Zoroaster,
