LEHMANN. 102 LEIBL. Her first lessons were from her mother, who was a harp-pUiyer and prima donna under Spohr at C'assel. Alter singing small parts on the stage, she made her delml iu Berlin as a light soprano in Meyerbeer's D(t» Feldlager in lichlesien in 1870, and became so successful that she was ap- pointed Imperial chamber-singer in 187G, in which year she sang the bird-music in Sicfffricd, and took the part of one of the Rhine-daughters in the Xibclungen trilogj- at Bayrcuth. She sang in London in 1884, and came to Xew York, where she was engaged as principal soprano at the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1888 she was married to the tenor Paul Kalisch. Her voice was of superb quality and volume, and gained for her the reputation of being one of the greatest Wagnerian singers of her day. She was unsurpassed in the roles of Briinhilde and Isolde. LEHMANN, M.x (184.5—). A German his- torian, born in Berlin and educated at Kijnigs- berg. Bonn, and Berlin. In 1879 he began to teach in the Berlin Military Academy ; in 1887 was made a member of the Prussian Academy, and a year later went to Marlmrg as professor of history. In 1892 he was appointed to a like chair at Leipzig, and in 1903 became professor of medipeval and modern history at Giittingen. He wrote: Das Aufgebot zur Ticerfahrt Ottos II. ■nach Ilttlien (1869) : Per Krieg von IS~0 bis zur Einachliessung ton Xlctz (1873) ; Kncsfhick und Schon: Bcitriige ziir Ocschichte dcr Frciheits- kricge (1875); Stein, Scharnhorst und ftchun (1877): the excellent biographv Scharnhorst (1880-87) ; and Friedrich dcr (Jrosse (1894). LEHMANN, Rvdolpu Cii.vmbkrs (18.3G— ). An Knglish lawyer, journalist, and author, born near Shellield. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, became a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1880, and took a prominent part in Liberal politics. From 1890 he was a member of the staff of Punch, and in 1901 was editor of the London Daily Xcirs. He became known al.sp as an authority on rowing, published a vol- ume on that subject (in the Isthmian lAhrary, vol. iv., 1897). and was elected secretai-y of the Amateur Rowing Association. Further publica- tions bv him include a Digest of Overruled Cases (with "Dale, 1887): The BiUshury Election (1892); Mr. Punch's Prize yovels (1893), lit- erary satires originally printed in the periodical; Anni Fuqaccs (1901) ; and Adventures of Pick- lock ffo/ra (1901). LEHOTIX, le-oo', Pierre Adriex Pascai, (1844 — ). A French historical painter, born in Paris. He was a pupil of Cabanel. His works include: "Hi'mon prfs du corps d'Antigone" (1870) : "Saint Laurent martyr" (1874). in the Luxembourg, and "X'lysse et Telemaque" (1891). His work is charaeterized by correct technique and good color. He received a first-class medal, and the Prix du Salon in 1874. LEHR, Iflr. .Iri.irs (184.5-94). A German economist, born at Sehotten. Hesse, and educated at Giessen. He taught at Munich from 188.5 un- til his death. I^hr wrote: Schutzzoll vnd Frei- liandel (1877): Fisrnhnhntarifnesen und Eisen- iahnmonopol (1879): PoUtische Oekanomie in gedriingtcr Fnssung (2d ed. 1892) ; Grundbe- griff e und Crundlagen der Volkswirtschaft (1894) ; and Produktion und Konsumtion in der Volkstcirtschaft (1895, edited by Frankenstein). liEHR, lar, PaulEbxest (1835—). A French jurist, born at Saint Die (Vosges). He studied in Strassburg, where he became secretary-general of the Consistory for the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession. In 1870 he was ap- pointed professor of comparative jurisprudence at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. He contributed especially to the knowledge of foreign law by the publication of Elements (Ic droit civil germuniquc (1875) ; Elements de droit eivil russe i. (1877), ii. (1890); Elements de droit civil espagnol, i. (1880), ii. (1890); and Elements de droit civil anglais (1885). liEHBS, lars, Ivarl (1802-78). A German classical scholar, born at Kiinigsberg. He studied at the university of his native city, and was made professor there in 1835. His most valuable work is De Aristarehi Studiis Ilomerieis, a coini)rehensive treatise on earlv Homeric criti- cism (1833; 3d ed. 1882). Of his other writings, mention should be made of his Quwstiones F.jiicw (1837); Herodiani Tria Scripta Minora (1848); Populiire Aufsiitze aus dcm Altertum, rorzugsweisc zur Ethik und Religion dcr Grieehen (1856; 2d ed. enlarged, 1875) : and Die Pindar- scholien (1873). an investigation into the sources of the remaining scholia. Consult Kammer, Karl Lehrs (Berlin, 1879). XEIB, Up, Michael (1759-1822). An Ameri- can politician, born in Philadelphia. Pa., of Pennsylvania-Dutch parentage. A Republican of the most radical type, and at first an ardent sup])orter of JefTerson, he began his political career as a member of the Pennsylvania Leg- islature, from which, in 1798, he was trans- ferred to Congress. He was reelected in 1800 and 1802, and soon attracted atten- tion bj' his extreme views. In 1802 he be- came associated with William Duane (q.v.). who, with his journal, the Aurora, was beginning to make things uncomfortable for the .Jefferson Ad- ministration. In 1803 he opposed the bill for the creation of Louisiana Territorj-, drawn prob- ably by .Jefferson and ^Madison, as conferring "royal' power upon the Governor. He was the ollicial mouthpiece of the Duane faction in its successful fight against the JIcKean-Dallas party, the 'quids' as the Aurora called them. and. in spite of great opposition, was triumphantly re- turned to Congress in 1804. On the floor of the House he reechoed the philippics of the Aurora against Gallatin, who had become the special object of Duane's enmity. In 1808 he was elected to the United States Senate, where he continued his hostility to Gallatin and Madison to such an extent as almost to nullify the Ad- ministration policy. In 1813. with" William Branch Giles (q.v.) and Samuel Smith, he joined the Federalists in refusing to confirm the nom- ination of Gallatin to the Russian mission with J. A. Bayard and John Quincy Adams. In Feb- ruary. 1814. he resigned his scat in the Senate to become postmaster at Philadelphia, to which post he had been appointed by Gideon Granger (q.v.), the Postmaster-General. The appoint- ment, made in the face of the President's op- position, resulted in Granger's dismissal, and legislation which required the confirmation of postmasters in the future. LEIBL, llVl. WllHELM (1844-1900). A Ger- man genre painter, born in Cologne. He was a pupil of Piloty and Ramberg at the Munich
