LEICHHAKDT. 106 LEIGHION. remains vin('x))l:iiMC(l. A district or grand divi- sion of Qucensliind, a county of New South Wales, and a. town in Cumberland County, N. S. W., not far from Sydney, were named in liis lionor. Con- sult the s{udy'by Zuchold (Leipzig, 1850). LEIDEN, li'dcn. A city of the Netherlands. See T,EVr>KN. IrEIDENFROST, li'dfn-frfist, .Iohann Gott- LQB( 171.'i!l4) . A (Jerman scientist and profes.sor of medicine. He was born at Rosperwenda, was educated in Oiessen, Leipzig, and Halle, and in 174.S became professor at Duisburg. He is l)est known from his book l)e Aqua- Communis Con- nulUs Qualitalihiifi (17.50) and for Iiis Opuscula Physic(>-('hei)iicn ft Medira (1797). In the for- mer he describes the experiment, sometimes called after liini, in which he dropped water on a hot plate, and proved the spheroid shape of the drop and the presence of a layer of vapor between drop and plate. .LEIDY, li'di, Jcsepu (1823-!)1). A distin- guislicd American naturalist, born in I'liiladel- phia, Pa. He obtained his degree in medicine at the L'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1844, executed the dissections and drawings for the work on Terrestrial and Air-Iireathing Molhisks of the United States (Boston, 1845), by . ios Binney, was appointed chairman of the Board of Curators of the Academy of Natural Sciences in 1840, and became demonstrator of anatomy in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. In 1853 he was ap- pointed full professor of anatomy in the Jledical School of the university, and in 1882 professor of biology in the Faculty of Philosophy. He was also the first director of the biological depart- ment of the university, organized in 1885; and for a time occupied the chair of natural history in Swarthmore College. In 1881 he was elected president of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, and in 1885 president of the Wagner Free Institute of Science in that city. He received the Walker grand honorary prize of the Boston Society of Natural History in 1880, and, for distinguished contrilnitions to the sci- epce of paleontology-, the Sir Charles Lyell medal of the Royal Geological Society of London in 1884, and the Cuvier medal of the Institut de France in ISSS. His contributions to the natural sciences includetl comparative anatomy, botany, mineralogy-, geology, and microscopic zoologj', helmintholog^', and more especially pa- leontology'. His researches in connection with the fossil horse and camel, published in the Pro- feedin.fls of the Academy of Natural Sciences and of the Smithsonian Institution from 1847 to 1891, were of acknowledged ser'ice to Danvin and Sir Charles Lyell. He also discovered (184fi) the hog to be the host by which the parasite Trichina spiralis is introdiced into the human system. His writings include numerous papers contributed to the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, the publications of the Wagner Free Institute of Science. Smithsonian publications under the auspices of the United States Geo- logical Surveys, and the Journal and Pro- ceedinfis of the Academy of Natural Sciences — in all, upward of 1000; .1 Flora and Fauna Within lArinq Animals (1851); Description of Ihe Remains of Fxtinct Mammalia and C'he- Jonia from Nehrnska Territory (1852) : Cre- taceous Reptiles of the United l>tates (1865): The Extinct Mammalia Fauna of Dakota and 'Nebraska (18C9) ; Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories (1873); The Fresh-Water Ithizopods of North America (1879); Treatise on Human Anatomy (1801-89). Dr. Leidy was an honorary member of more than sixty-five scientific societies of the United States and other countries. Consult the article by Frazer in vol. ix. of the American Oeoloyist (Minneapolis, 1892), also reprinted as a monograph ; the memoirs by H. C. Chapman, in the Pruceedinys of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences; by Ruschenberger, in those of the American Philosophical Society (1891) ; by Geikie, in those of the Geological Society of London (1892) ; and in the publications of the Royal Jlicroseoijical Society, London (1891), and the American Jour- nal of Arts and Kcirnces I 1891). LEIF (irf) ER'ICSON, See Ericson, Leif. LEIGH, Is. A town in Lancashire, England, 13 miles west of Manchester. Silk, cambric, muslin, fustian, and agricultural implements are the leading manufactures; there are glass-works, and in the vicinity are productive coal-mines (Map; England, D 3). The town owns its gas, water, and electric-lighting works, baths, mar- kets, and cemetery, and maintains a free library, hospital, and fire brigade. Sewage is chemically treated and utilized. The town dates from the twelfth centurv. but was not incorporated until 1899. Population, in 1891, 3n,9(XJ ; in 1901, 40,000. LEIGHTON, la'ton, Alex..i>er (15G8-1649). An Knglisli sectary. He was born at Edinburgh, Scotland; was educated at Saint Andrews; and in 1013 became a Presbyterian preacher in Lon- don, practicing medicine at the same time. He published: ,^pecnlum Belli Hacri, or The Looking- (j'lass of the Holy War (1024). an attack on Romanism; and an Appeal to the Parliament, or lion's Plea Against ihe Prelacie (1028). The latter was deemed libelous in respect of the King, Queen, and bishops, and Leighton was twice sentenced by the Star Chamber to be whipped publicly, to lose both ears, to stand twice in the pillory, to be branded on the cheek with the letters S. S. (sower of sedition), to pay a fine of £10,000, and suffer perpetual imprisonment in the Fleet. The Long Parliament released him in 1040, after he had been confined for eleven years. He received a pecuniary indemnity, and in 1042 was made keeper of Lambeth Palace as a State prison, where he died. LEIGHTON, Frederick, Lord (1830-90). An English historical painter. He was bom at Scarborough, December 3, 1830, and spent much of his youth in travel. His father, a physician of means, enabled him to prosecute very ex- tensive studies in painting. He began at four- teen in Florence, continuing in Frankfort, Brus- sels, Paris, and Rome, his chief master having been Steinle at Frankfort. His first picture, exhibited at the Royal Academy, "Cimabue's Madonna Carried in Triumph Through Florence" (1855), made a great impression and was pur- chased by the Queen. After this he spent four years in Paris, studying part of the time under Ary Schefl'er. In 1858 he joined for a short time the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, his "Lemon Tree" and "Byzantine Wellhead" receiv- ing the enthusiastic praises of Ruskin. He soon ceased this manner, and in 1806 his "Venus Dis- robing for a Bath," one of his most admirable
