LIZAKD. 361 LLAMA. CHROSis.) In addition to protective coloration, some lizards are defended bj' iionis and spines, which sometimes cover the entire body, as in the horned toads and tlie nioloeh (qq.v. ), and some- times grow only upon certain parts, most fre- quently the tail. Others have defensive or men- acing appendages and corresponding habits, such as are manifested by the frilled lizards, the basi- lisli, the iguana, and others that make tliem- selves look terrifying, when in fact, like all the rest (except Heloderma), they are harmless. Lizards are found in all the warmer regions of the earth: tlieir northern limit is about the annual isotherm of 50° F. (See Jlap under Distribution of Animal.s.) They are most numerous in tropical and warm countries; none occur in polar lands. In temperate regions they pass the winter in a state of torpidity concealed under ground and debris, or in lioUow trees. Many are restricted to deserts, and have acquired interesting adaptations for resisting the blowing sand and otherwise withstanding the hardships of a hot and barren habitat. Other families are arboreal, or dwell among rocks. One species (of the Galapagos Islands) is marine, and several African and Oriental lizards are more or less completely aquatic, ilost of these swift and agile reptiles are insectivorous, but some are earnivo- U8E OF TONGUE BY CHAMELEOX IN CATCHING INSECTS. forms, as the iguanas, are licrbivorous, and their flesh is palatable and nutritious for human use. The eating of noxious grubs and insects is a val- uable service by lizards to man; and these little animals furnish food for a great variety of 6ther reptiles, birds, and beasts of prey. Cl.i.ssific.tiox. The lizards are regarded by recent authorities as one of two sections (the other being the snakes) of an order of reptiles, usually called Squamata. Dr. Gadow in a late (1000) review of the matter regards the lizards as an order (.utosauri, or Laeertilia), divisible into three sections: (1) Geckones (vertehrx amphicoelous) contains the family Geckonidoe, comprising the geckos proper (Geckoninip) , the EublaphariniE, and the Uroplatinfe. See Gecko. (2) Lncertce ( vertebne procoelous) contains the ordinary lizards — agamas, iguanas. African zonu- rids, glass-snakes, heloderms, monitors. South American tejids, typical Old Yorld lizards (Lacertidne) , skinks, and several small families including the degrailed amphisbsenas and snake- like aniellids of California and the pygopodes of Anstr ia. (3) Chrimwleorites — a single family with 50 or 60 species. See Ciiamelkon. Fossil Lizards. Fossil remains of lizards of the suborder Laeertilia are not well known. A few have been foimd in the Cretaceous and Ter- tiary rocks of Europe and North America, and the largest known lizard is a fossil species (Fa- ranus priscus) from the Pleistocene beds of Queensland, Australia, which had a length from nose to tip of tail of about tiiirty feet. Many other fossil forms of lizard-like reptiles are not closely related to the Laeertilia of modern times. Such are the great 'sea-serpents,' Ichthyosaurus,. Plesio.saurus, Mosasaurus, etc., of Mesozoic ages; the amphibious Khynchocepbalians of the Per- mian and Mesozoic, and some of the Mesozoic dinosaurs, all of which are described in separate articles. See Plates of Lizards; Iguaxas axi> f)TriKK .merkax Lizards. Hiiii.iooKAPiiY. Boulenger, Cataloyue of Rep- tiles in the British Museum (London, 1889-96) ; Cope, "Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of the United States," in Report of the United Slates Xational Museum for 1898 (Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, 1900) ; Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London and Xcw York, 1901) ; Van den Burgh, Reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin (San Francisco, 1897) ; Holbrook, North American Herpetology (Philadelphia, 1842) ; and standard works. LIZARD-FISH. One of a family (Synodon- tida') of marine fishes of the order Iniomi (q.v.), which have elongated bodies, very wide mouths, small close scales, and usually photophores. Some inhabit deep waters, and others live near shore, mostly in the tropical regions. The name ordi- narily refers in America to a mottled-olive (yel- lowish beneath) species (Synodus foetens) , com- mon from South Carolina to Brazil on sandy shores, which is known also as 'lagarta.' 'galli- wasp,' and 'soapfish.' It reaches a length of 1"2 inches, and, like the other species, is voracious and active. A well-known larger species of South- ern Europe {Sijnodus' saurus) is known among the Italians as 'lacerto' and 'tarentola.' See Plate of Laxterx-Fisiies. LIZARD HEAD. The southernmost cape of England, in Cornwall, a bold lieadland amid pic- turesque cliff and rock scenerv, 16 miles south- west of Falmouth (Map: England, A 6). It is surmounted by two fine lighthouses visible 21 miles. It is the Promontorium Damnonium of Ptolemy. The name Lizard is also applied to the peninsula of which the Head is the southern point. LJTTNGGREN, lyoon'gren. Gistaf Hakox •ToKDAX (1823 — ). A Swedish critic, horn at Lnnd. He studied in his native town, w;is madc- docent of iestheties at the university there in 1847, and in 1859 professor of (esthetics and liter- ature. From 1875 to 1885 he was rector of the universitv. His principal work is Svenska ritter- hetens hiifder efter Gustaf III.'s dod (1873-92), and his other literary and critical studies include: Svenska dram<it iniill »lutet af sjuttende arhun- dradet (1864) ; Bellman oeh Fredman's epistlar (1867-69) ; Sniiirre skrifter (1872-81) ; and Fran en resa (1871). LLAMA, la'ma (the native name). A South .merican quadruped of the camel family. It is no longer regarded as a distinct species, but as a do- me.sticated variety of the guanaco (q.v.). It was inr general use as a beast of burden on the Peruvian -Andes, and the only beast of burden used by the natives of America, before the horse and ass were introduced by Europeans. It is still much used in this capacity on the .-Vndes. the peculiar conformation of its feet enabling it to walk securely on slopes too rough and steep for any
