Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/426

the new Yale locks have what is known as a paracentric instead of a flat key; flat keys, without a wing or bit, are now made for warded and lever tumbler locks.

(I) EARLY EGYPTIAN AND (2) POMPEIAN Keys.

Bibliography. For the development of early locks, consult a paper by Harry W. Chubb, entitled "Locks and Safes," in the Journal of the Society of Arts (London, 1893). Consult, also: Price, Treatise on Locks (London, 1856, out of print); chapter on "Locks" in Blackall, Builders' Hardware (New York, 1899). See Safes and Safe-Deposit Vaults.

LOCK (in canal structure). See Canal, and Dam.

LOCK, or LOCKE, Matthew (c.1630-77). An English composer. He was born in Exeter, and received instruction in the rudiments of music from Wake, organist of Exeter Cathedral. When Charles II. made his entry into London after the Restoration, Lock was employed to write the music for the occasion, and was afterwards appointed composer to the King. He was the first musician of England to compose for the stage, and wrote some rather famous instrumental music for The Tempest and Macbeth.

LOCKE, David Ross (1833-88). An American humorist, born in New York, known by his assumed name of 'Petroleum V. Nasby.' Locke first attracted attention by letters published in the Findlay Jeffersonian in 1800 with the signature 'Rev. Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby.' They purported to emanate from a poor and ignorant Democrat with a yearning for the postmastership and whisky, and an admiration for the institution of slavery. The character was dramatically developed in a series of amusing incidents. The letters were soon transferred to the Toledo Blade, of which Locke became editor and in part proprietor. They were of great assistance to the war administration of Lincoln by meeting the criticism of the Peace Democrats of the North. Later, their sting was directed against President Johnson and his swinging 'round the circle.' Locke became a popular lecturer, and in 1871 moved to New York and finally returned to Toledo. He published in book form Divers Mews, Opinions, and Prophecies of Yours Truly (1865); Swingin' 'Round the Kirkle (1866); Ekkoes from Kentucky (1867); and The Struggles—Social. Financial, and Political—of P. V. Nasby (1872), in which the best of his humorous work was gathered.

LOCKE, John (1632-1704). An English philosopher, born at Wrington, near Bristol, on August 29, 1632. His father was an attorney and also served as captain in the Parliamentary army during the Civil War. Locke was sent for his education to Westminster School, where he continued till 1652, when he became a student of Christ Church. Oxford. After his graduation he took pupils, and from 1661 to 1664 he lectured in Oxford on Greek, rhetoric, and moral philosophy. In 1665 he went to Cleves as secretary to the British envoy, but soon returned to his studies at Oxford, where he devoted himself to medicine for a while. In 1666 he made the acquaintance of Lord Ashley, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, and on his invitation went to live at his house and became his family physician. It was in Lord Ashley's house that he had his attention directed to the importance of undertaking an investigation of the limits of human understanding. This investigation resulted many years after in the publication of his famous Essay. In 1672, when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor, Locke was ii[)pointed secretary of presentations, a post which he afterwards exchanged for that of secretary to the Council of Trade. He was employed to draw up a constitution for the American Province of Carolina, but the constitution was never adopted. In 1075 he took up his residence at Montpellier for the benefit of his health. Here he formed the acquaintance of the Earl of Pembroke, to whom his Essay is dedicated. In 1679 he rejoined the Earl of Shaftesbury in England; but in 1682 the Earl lied to Holland, to avoid a prosecution for high treason. Although there is no evidence to warrant the belief that Locke was implicated in any treasonable practice, he was under surveillance, and in the following year followed the Earl to Holland, and so far shared with him the hostility of the Government of Charles as to have his name erased, by royal mandate, from the list of students of Christ Church. Even in Holland he was demanded of the States-General by the English envoy; but he contrived to conceal himself under the assumed name of Dr. Van der Linden, till the English Court ceased to trouble itself on his account. In 1687 his Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, begun seventeen years before, was finished; and an abridgment of it was published in French (1088) by his friend Le Clere, in his Bibliothèque Universelle, in which Locke had published two years before his New Method of Making Commonplace Books. In 1688, the year of the Revolution, he came back to England in the fleet that conveyed the Princess of Orange. He soon obtained from the new Government the situation of commissioner of appeals, worth £200 a year. He took a lively interest in the cause of toleration, and in maintaining the principles of the Revolution. In 1689 appeared his first letter on 'Toleration.' In 1690 his Essay Concerning Humane Understanding was published, and met with a rapid and extensive celebrity, although Locke himself received only £30 for the copyright of the first edition; and also a second letter on 'Toleration,' and his well-known Treatises on Government. In 1691 he was engaged upon the momentous question of the restoration of the coinage, and published tracts on the subject. In 1693 was published Some Thoughts of Education. In 1695 King William appointed him member of a new council of trade at a salary of £1000. The Reasonableness of Christianity had been written to promote William's favorite scheme of a comprehension of all the Christian sects in one national Church. In this work he argued the necessity of identifying Christianity, not with a belief in mysteries such as the incarnation and the atonement, but with the gospel of love. He maintained a controversy in defense of this book; he had another controversy in defense of