LODZ. 899 LOESS. 40,000, while the number of Russians is compara- tively insignificant. LOEB, leb, Jacques (1S59— ). A German- _Vnierican physiologist and experimental biologist. He graduated from the -Vscanisches Gymnasium in Berlin ; studied medicine at Berlin and Munich, re- ceiving the degree of il.D. at Strassburg in 18S4. He was appointed State E.xaniiner at Strassburg in 1885, was assistant in physiology at the Uni- versity of WUrzburg in 1880-88, and held a simi- lar position in the University of Strassburg in lsSS-90. He made researches in animal physiology
- it the Xaplcs Zoological Station in 1889-91. He
was appointed associate professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College, 1891-92; was then (1892) called to Chicago University as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology; and in 1895 was appointed associate professor. In 1902 he was elected professor of physiology in the University of California. Professor Loeb's work has been in the line of comparative physiology and psychologj'. He is the pioneer in the study of the physioiogv of protoplasm, i.e. of cells and tissues, including the effects of salt solutions on the muscles of the heart in different animals. He has made ingenious experiments on the mecha- nism of the reflex activities of the lower animals, with especial relation to the different kinds of tropisms and the mode of orientation of organ- is. Although the true basis of instinctive acts inherited reflexes was first pointed out by Herbert Spencer, Loeb has done much by bis ex- periments to show the slight line of demarcation existing between the lower instincts and reflex actions. He has also made notable contribu- ■" lis to other problems in physiological psycbol- One of his latest researches is that on the tificial production of parthenogenesis by add- j salt solutions (chloride of magnesium) to sca- ler. His essays have appeared cliiefly in iger's Archiv, and in The American Jotinml Physiology. Among them are: The Heliot-
- )sm of Animals and Its Identity with the
Hotropism of Plants (1890); Pht/siological ■ rphology (vol. i. 1891: vol ii. 1892); Inlio- ■tioH to the Comparatiie Physiology of the L.,ain and Comparative Psychology (1899| ; "E^y- periments on Artificial Parthenogenesis in Anne- lids, and the Nature of the Process of Fertiliza- tiin." in American Journal of Physiology, vol. iv. I 1901). In his book Comparative Physiology of the Brain and (I'omparative Psychology (1902) will be found the titles of other papers. LOEB, Louis (ISOG— ). An American figure painter and illustrator, bom in Cleveland, O. He was a pupil of Gerome in Paris, and afterwards settled in Xew York City and became an asso- ciate of the National .cademy of Design, and a member of the Society of .merican Artists in "no. His subjects are ussually landscapes, with ires, treated in an agreeable, decorative man- ■■. with considerable poetic feeling. His works lude: "Temple of the Winds" (1898): "The • eze" (1900); "The Joyous Life" (1902); 1 "The Dawn" (1903), which won the Webb ize. He also received honorable mention at I' Salon of 1895 and a third-class medal at the ^i!on of 1897. LOEBELL, le^cl, .Toiian-x Wn.nEi,M (1786- ISfiS). A German historian, born in Berlin, and educated at Heidelljers and at Berlin under Wolf and Biickh. From 1814 to 1829 he taught in the military academies at Breslau and Berlin, and then became professor of history at Bonn. His best-known work is the revision of Becker's lle/t- geschichte (1830-38). He also wrote Oregor von tours und seine Zeit (2d ed. 1869) ; W'elt- geschichte in Cmrisscn und Ausfiihrungcn (Part 1., 1840)'; Die Enticicklung der deutschen Poesie von Klopstocks erstem Auftreten bis zu Goethes Tode (1850-05) and an anonymous attack on Ultramontanism, Bistorische Brief e (1801). Consult Bernhardt and Xoorden, Zur Wurdigung Loelclls (Bnmswick, 18G4). LOENING, le'ning, Edgab ( 1843— ) . A Ger- man jurist, born in Paris and educated at Bonn, Heidelberg, and Leipzig. He was appointed to chairs of law at Strassburg in 1872, at Dorpat in 1877, at Rostock in 18S3, and at Halle in 1880. His publications include: Geschichte des deutschcn Kirchcnrechts (1878) ; Die Haftung des Htnates aus rechtsicidrigen Handlungcn seiner Beamten (1870): Die Befreiung des Bauernstandcs in Deutschland und Livland (1880) ; and HeprSsen- tativ-Verfassung im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (1900). LOENING, Richard (1848—). A German jurist, brother of Edgar Loening, bom in Fraak- fort and educated at the universities of Heidel- berg and Berlin. In 1878 he was made professor e.xtraordinarius and in 1882 professor ordinarius at Heidelberg. He wrote: Der Vertragsbrurh im deuischen Recht (1876); Der Reinigungseid bci I'ngerichtsklagen im deutschen .Vittclnltcr (1880) ; Grundriss gu Torlesungen iibcr deiitschcs Straf recht (1885): and Die Hamlet-Tragodie Shakespeares (1893). LOESS, les (Ger.). A loamy or sandy de- posit of Pleistocene age, occurring in many parts of the world. It was first described as occurring in the Rhine Valley, but it is now known to cover large areas in Central Europe, in the western half of the United States, and in China. Its general character is that of a very fine- grained homogeneous sand, with very little clay, but often calcareous. In the United States and China the deposits attain great thickness, 250 feet or more, and where cut into by rivers like the Mississippi or Hoang-ho they form high cliffs. Loess affords a fine fertile soil, especially when charged with organic matter, but. owing to its porous nature, it requires abundant moisture. The origin of loess has been variously explained. Where the material lies in river valleys it is un- doubtedly due to stream deposition, this having probably occurred in glacial or post-glacial times, when tiie waters contained much fine sediment derived from the melting ice. Where, however, it covers vast areas, a different mode of origin must be sought. JIany geologists consider that much of the loess of the^Great Plains region was de- posited in glacial lakes; Richthofen believes that the loess of China is of ocolian origin. The fact that shells of land-snails are occasionally found in the American loess leads some geologists to claim a similar origin for at least portions of it. A material resembling loess, called adobe, is found in many valleys of the far West. It is a calcareous clay, derived from the disintegration of rocks on the valley slopes. The chief economic value of the loess is for brick-making. When irrigated it fomis an unusually productive soil. Consult: Chamberlin and Salisbury. "The Driftless Area of the Upper Jlississippi Valley,"
