LONGNON. 441 LONGSTREET. liONGNON, lonyO.x', Auguste Ho.ob£ ( 184-t ^ ) . A Flench scliolar and historian, born in I'aris. He learned the trade of a shoemaker, and practiced it until 1809, when he became a stu- dent at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. He pub- lished liis Litre des lassaux dii cointe de Cham- puyne et de Brie, 1192-1222, the same year, and the following one received an appointment in the Imperial archives, where he became titular archivist (1871). From 1875 he directed the .Bulletin of the Historical Society of Paris and He de France: in 1879 he became professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres (1886), of the Legion of Honor (1887), and pro- fessor of historical geography at the College de France (1892). Besides an edition of Frois- sart's Meliador (1897), Longnon published Etudes sur les Pagi de la Gaule (1871-72); Pouille du diocese de Cahors (1874) ; Roles des fiefs du comte de Champagne sous le rigne de Thibaiid le Chansonnier (1877): Etude biogra- jihique sur Fraiifois Villon (1877); Oeographie de la Gaule au VIeme siecle (1878), his chief work, which gained the Gobert prize from the Academy of Inscriptions: Paris pendant la domi- nation anglaise, I.'t20-l^o6 (1878); Documents parisiens sur I'iconographie de Saint-Louis (1882); Atlas historique de la France, depuis Cesar jusqu'a nos jours (1884-89); and Polyp- ti/que de Vabbaye de Haint-Germain-des-Pris ("1886). LONG PARLIAMENT. The famous fifth Parliaiiicnt of Cliarles I., which met Xovember 3, 1040. having been summoned for the purpose of raising supplies to carry on war against his rebellious Scotch subjects. It impeached and executed Strafl'ord (q.v. ) and Laud (q.v.), abolished the Star Chamber (q.v.), the High Commission (q.v.), and other arbitraiy courts, declared ship-money to be illegal, prohibit- ed the collection of tonnage and poundage without Parliamentary grant, passed a Tri- ennial Act (q.v. I, and provided against its dissolution or prorogation without its own con- sent. The members were unanimous in these constitutional reforms, but they speedily divided into parties upon the question of the reorgani- zation of the English Church, the Cavaliers sup- porting the King and the bishops. The Irish insurrection of 1G41 necessitated the raising of an army, and the dispute as to its control led( 1642) to the Civil War, in which the Parliament was successful against the King. In order to secure the sui)port of the Scots, it adopted the Solemn Leagvie and Covenant (seeCovEX.>TS), and in- troduced Presbyterianism (see Creeds and Con- fessions), the Cavalier members having with- drawn on the outbreak of the war. The army, however, had become the stronghold of the Inde- pendents, whom the Parliament was anxious to crush by force. In order to be free to disband the army. Parliament made such concessions to Charles in the Treaty of Xewport (1648) as seemed to the army a surrender of the results of the war. The army therefore interfered and expelled by force about ninety-six Presln-terian members. leaving fifty or sixty members, after- wards known as the 'T?unip' (q.v.). which ex- ecuted the King and established the Common- wealth, but was in turn expelled by Cromwell in 16.5.3. During the disorders which followed Cromwell's death, the 'Rump' was recalled for FOOT OF LONGSPCB. a short time in 1009 and again in December oi the same year, to which the expelled Presbyterian members were added on February 21, lUUO. The Long X'arliamcnt thus restored issued writs for a new election and voted its own dissolution on March 16, 1000. Consult: Parliamentary His- tory (.36 vols., London, 1806-20) ; Gardiner. Eng- lish History, lt;().i-!,2 ( 10 vols., London and Xew York, 1883-84); id.. The Great Ciril liar (4 vols., London and Xcw York, 1901 ) ; Firth, Cromwell (London and Xew York, 1901) ; Firtli, Oliver Cromicell and the Rule of the Puritans in England (London and Xew York, 1900). See Charles I.; Cromwell, Oliver. LONG PRIMER. See Printing. LONGSHANKS. A nickname of King Ed- ward I. of England. LONGSPTJR. The longspurs are gregarious, terrestrial finches, having exposed nostrils and the hind claw un- usually long and near- ^_w„^ <^ ly straight, like a spur. Four of these finches occur in the United States, of which three are en- demic, while one is circumpolar. This last is the Lapland longspur (Calcarius Lapponicus) and breeds only in the highest latitudes ; in winter it ranges southward, in America as far as Penn- sylvania, Ohio, and Colorado, but is uncommon in the Eastern L'nited States even in severe winters. As usually seen in winter, the upper parts are mixed black, rufous, and buff, the nape yellowish- buff, the under parts white, the breast and sides streaked with blackish, and yellowish buff. In the fully plumaged male the head, neck, and breast are black. The three distinctively American longspurs are easily distinguished from the Lapland longspur and from each other, when in adult summer plu- mage, but in immature and winter plumage they bear considerable resemblance to each other. The painted longspur ((olearius pictus) breeds in the valleys of the Yukon, ^lackenzie, and Saskat- chewan rivers, but in winter ranges south and east as far as Illinois. The chestnut-collared longspur {Calcarius ornatus) is the best known of the American species, as it breeds in great numbers on the prairies of Dakota and Montana. Its nest is a scanty collection of grass and weed stalks in a hollow on the ground, and the eggs, usually four, are white with jjurplish and brown markings. Xone of the longspurs are really singers, the notes, though pleasing, being weak and twittering. The last of our four fj>ecics. sometimes called black-breasted longspur ( Rhin- chophancs McCounii) , differs from the preceding trio in the mucli stouter bill and the shorter and more curved hind claw.' It is quite different also in appearance when in breeding plumage, but its habits, nest, eggs, and song are not essentially different. It occurs during the summer from Colorado northward to the valley of the Saskat- chewan, but does not pass west of the Rocky Xfountains nor east of the Mississippi River: in winter it ranges from Colorado southward into Mexico. Consult .merican ornithologies, and especially Coues. Birds of the yorlhircst (Wash- ington. 1'^74^. LONG'STREET. ArorsTTS Baidwin (1790- 1870). An American lawyer, educator, and
