in several dialects, was studied by Rosen, who piiblislied an essay, Leber die Sprachc dcr Lazcn (licrliii, lS-i;i|.
LAZHETCHNIKOFF, li-zli&eli'n^kfif. Ivan
IvA.Novmu ( 171I41SUU). A Russian novelist
and dramatist. His lirst success was his sUctcli
of military life jniljlished after his retireniont
from the army in 181!). His dramas did not meet
with the success gained by his historical novels,
among which the most important are: I'oslediiii
Xoi-ilc (1833); Lediani/i iktm. translated into
German with the title Eisixihist (1835); and
Basurman (18.38). His complete works were
]nihlislicd at Saint Petersburg in 1858.
LAZULI FINCH (so called from its blue
color), or l.AZin BrNTi.Nii. A small finch (Cy-
anospixa amanu) of the Western I'nited States,
where it replaces the indigo-bird (q.v.) of the
East, which it closely resembles in habits and
song. It is frequently reared as a cage-bird.
The male has the head and tipper parts a deep
turquoise blue, with two white bars tii)on the
wings; the breast is yellowish tawny, the abdo-
men white. The female is grayish brown.
LAZ'ULITE (from lazuli). An aluminum
phii^plMlc with iriin and magnesium hydroi<lcs
that crystallizes in the monodinic system. It is
of an azure-blue color, resembling lapislazuli.
with which it has been frequently confnunded.
This mineral is fouml both massive and crystal-
lized in Styria. Switzerland. Sweden, and Brazil;
and in the I iiitcd States in Gaston County, N. Q.,
and in Lincoln County. Ga.
LAZZARONI, liid'za-rO'n^ (It., beggars).
The name liy which.the lowest class of the
population is designated in Najdes. They be-
came prominent during the Revolutionary and
Napoleonic era, when, as supporters of the
Bourbons, they attacked with great ruthlessness
the wealthy middle class and liberal nobility.
LEA, Hexky f'HAKLES (1825—). An Ameri-
can historian. He was born in Philadelphia,
September 19, 1825. For many years he was in
the publisliing business, but retired in 1880. He
was prominent in patriotic service during the
Civil War. and has displayed an active and
honorable interest in public afTairs. He will be
remembered, however, for his studies in me-
diieval ecclesiastical history. His published
works include: fiuperstilion and Force (1800);
An Historical f<l:e1ch of Hacerdoial Celihacri in
Ihe ChrifitiaH Church (18()7); .1 Uiatorij of the
Iiifiuisilinn of the Middle Afie.l (1888); .1 His-
tory of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in
the Latin Church (1800); The Moriscos of Hpain
(1001 ).
LEA, Isaac (1702-1880). An American con-
eholngist. born at Wilmington, Del. lie was a
business man. a partner of a large publishing
house in Philadel|ihia. who devoted his leisure
to the collection and study of objects of natural
histori'. He was especially interested in fresh-
water and land mollusks, and. during fifty years,
continued to make contributions to the trans-
actions of the scientific societies of Philadelphia
concerning these animals. His most important
writings are: Observations on the Genus Vnio
(13 vols., 1827-73); f^i/nopsis of the Famih/ of
Kaiads (1852-70). O.'w. Tryon, .Tr.. published
a full account of Lea's conchologieal work in
Philadelphia in 1861. His immense collection of
I'nionida- and his collections of gems arc-
deposited in the National Museum at Washing-
ton. Scudder gave a literary biography of Le;i
in the Bulletin of the I'nited States National
Museum, So. 23 (Washington).
LEA, Mathew Carey (1823-07). An Ameri-
can chemist, born in Phihulelphia. He devoted
himself chiedy to the chemistry of photography,
to which he made a nundier of important c(iM-
tributions. His publications include numerous
pai)ers on the chemical action of light and an
excellent Manual of Photography (2d ed. 1871).
LEACH, William Elforo (1700-18.36). An
Knglish naturalist, born at Plymouth. He
studied medicine at Saint Bartholomew's Hos-
])ital, and in the medical department of Edin-
liurgli University, from which he graduated in
1812. He became interested in zoJilogy, however,
and in 1813 acce])ted a position in the British
Sluseum. In 1815 he published the beginning
of .a work on British crustaceans which he never
finished. He was appointed assistant curator
of the natural history department of the musetim
in 1821, but was obliged to relinquish active
work in the very same year, owing to an affection
of the brain induced by overwork. . He spent
most of his renuiining j'ears in Ital.y, and died
of cholera, near Tortona. Among his most im-
])ortant works are: The Zoiiloiiieal Misccllani/
(3 vols., 1814-17); liystcinalic Catalogue of the
Specimens of the Indigenous Mammalia and
Birds (1816); and A Synopsis of the Mollusca
of Great Britain, published posthumously in
18.52.
LEA'COCK, Hamble James (1795-1856). An
African missionary. He was born in Barbados,
where his father was a slave-holder. He became-
a clergj'man and gave the privileges of the
Church to all slaves of his parish, at the same
time freeing his own slaves. DilTiculty with the
bishop, insurrection of the slaves, depreciation
in the A-alue of property occurring, he removed
to the I'nited States, where he was settled in
Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey. In 1855
he sailed for Africa as a missionary of the West
Indian Church Association, and founded a sta-
tion at Rio Pongas, Sierra Leone. Consult his
biography, by Caswall (London, 1857).
LEAD. A city in Lawrence County, S. D., just south of the county-seat, Deadwood; on railways connecting with the Burlington and Missouri River, and the Chicago and Northwestern lines (Map: South Dakota, B 5). It has a hospital and the Hearst Free Library. The city is in the noted Black Hills mining region, and there are extensive gold-mining and commercial interests. Population, in 1800,2581; in 1000, 6210.
LEAD (AS. lead, Dutch load, MHG. lot, Ger. jMt; connected with Olr. luaide, lead). One of the well-known metallic chemical elements. It is mentioned in the Book of Numbers as part of the spoils taken from the Midianites, and also in the Book of Job. Pliny gave the name of plumbum' nigrum to lead, while tin he called plumbum candidum. Among the alchemists lead was designated by the character which is supposed to represent the scythe of Saturn. It is found native in small quantities, usually with n little silver and antimony. Its compounds found in nature include the sulphide, the car-
