LORINSEE. 462 LORRAINE. Galicia. His works, Uiitersuchungen iiher die Hinderpest (1831) and Die Vest dcs Orients (1837), deal with these investigations. IIis/«w kcltutz der (Icsundheit in den l^chiilcn (1836; new ed. 1801 ) effected a revival of gymnastics in German schools. His autobiography appeared in 1864. LO'BIS (probably from Dutch loeris, clown, from loer, locrd, fool, from OF., Fr. lourd, stupid, from Lot. luridus, wan, from liiror, pale yellow color; otlicrwise explained as the native East Indian name). Either of two Asiatic leimirs forming the subfamily Lorisinae, and difl'ering from the true lemurs in having a round head, very long limbs, and short muzzle, very large eyes, and no tail. The two species known are both natives of the East Indies. The largest species (yyclicthiis lurdifiradus) is not so large as a cat; the other, the slender loris (Loris gracilis), is much smaller, and is confined to Southern India and Ceylon. They are noc- turnal animals, and spend the day general- ly sleeping, attached to a brancli, which they grasp firmly with all their four hands, the body rolled up into a ball, and the head hidden among the legs. Their fur is rich and soft. Their motions arc slow, and they ad- vance stealthily on the insects and birds on which they prey. They feed, liowever, partly on fruits and vegetables. The first named, or 'slow' loris, is the oliject of much superstitious regard among the JIalays. because of its secretive habits and weird appearance. Consult: Beddard, Mam- malia (London. 1902) ; Flower et al., in I'rocecd- inqs of the Zoijloqical Soc-ielii (London, 18G4 and 1900). Sec ri.ite nf Lemi:e's. LOEIS-MELIKOFF, If/res me'lye-kof, :ik- HAIL TakielovitCH, Count (1825-88). A Russian general and statesman, born in Tiflis. Novem- ber 2, 1825. He received a military education, entered the army in 18-13, won an excellent repu- tation in the Caucasus, connnandcd a regiment during the Crimean War. when he had several successful engagements with the enemy in front of Kars, and on the capitulation of that strong]iold was appointed its Governor. In 1856 he was made a major-general, and in 1863 rose to be lieutenant-general. He was appointed general of cavalry in 1875. In 1876 he was placed in com- mand of the corps which was stationed on the Armenian frontier, and on the declaration of war against Turkey in 1877 marched into the enemy's territoiy. He besieged Kars, but failed to take the city, and met with a nvunber of reverses, which compelled him to raise the siege. Receiving reenforcenients. he won in October the battle of Alaja-Dagh, and in the following month took Kars. For this brilliant campaign he was made a count in 1878. He was appointed Governor- General of Kharkov in 1879, proving as success- ful an administrator as he was a soldier. In 1880, the Nihilist movement having become alarming, he was intrusted by the Czar with an administra- tive commission, giving him almost dictatorial power in the Empire. He subsequently became Minister of the Interior, and induced Alexander II. to establisli some form of representative gov- ernment, a plan the execution of which was pre- vented by the assassination of the Czar (!Mareh 13, 1881'). Loris-Melikoflr left office in May of the same year. He died at Nice, December 24, 1888. LORITXJS, lA-re'ti.is, or LORITI, Heixeich. The original name of the Swiss humanist better known as (ilareanus (q.v. ). WORMIAN, lor'myax', Baoib. See Baoiir- LOUMIAX, PlEKRE ilAlilE FrAX^OLS LOUIS. LOR'NA DOONE. A novel by R. D. Black- more (1869). liORNE, Sir John. See Abgyll. John Doug- JLAS Sl iiiEiiLAND CAMPBELL, ninth Duke of. LORNSEN, ir.m'spn, VwE .Jens (1793-1838). A Danisti patriot, born at Keitum, on the isl- and of Sylt, and educated at Kiel and at Jena. The July Revolution roused his old ideas of in- de|)endence and patriotism, and in 1S30 he published a jjamphlet, Uehcr das yerj'us.'nin<j.i- irerk in Hchlestcig-Ilolstcin, a strong argument and a bold plea for autonomy. He was sentenced to a year's imprisonment in May, 1831, and soon after his liberation the Danish Government of- fered him a pension if he would leave the coun- trj-. He refused the oft'er, but, strangely enough, possibly because of ill liealth, in 1833 went to Amsterdam and sailed for Rio Janeiro. Four years later he returned to Eiirope and settled in Geneva. In 1838 he shot himself. He wrote: Die Vnionsverfassiing Diineinarhs and fichlesirig- IJolsteins, which was published by Beselcr in 1841. Consult Jansen, Vice Jens Lornsen (Kiel, 1872; 2d ed. 1893). LORO. See Parrot-Fisii. LORRAIN,. 16'ra>-', Claude. See GeltSe, Clauiie. LORRAINE, 16'r:"in'. The name of several States which have figured in mediaeval and mod- ern history, now the designation of a region mainly in France and partly in Germany. On the death of Lothair I. (q.v.), Roman Emperor and grandson of Charles the Great, in 855, his son Lothair II. inherited the region between the Rhine and the rivers Scheldt and Meuse, extend- ing from the North Sea to the headwaters of the Saone. This country, which was erected into a kingdom, was called Lolharii Hcyniiiii, Kingdom of Lothair, whence Lotharingia. Lothringen. and Lorraine. It corresponded approximately to the earlier Austrasia (q.v.). In 870 the region was partitioned between ^.ouis the German and Charles the Bald (q.v.) . King of the West Franks, and the name Lorraine blotted out from the map. In 805 Lorraine was reestablished by King .r- nulf for his son Zeventibold, and soon after it passed to Louis the Child, King of Germany. The kings of France attempted to annex the country, but the German kings succeeded in re- taining possession of it. In 959 it was divided into two duchies. L'pper Lorraine and Lower Lor- raine. The former centred around the INIoselle. the latter around the Meuse. The two were separated by the forest of Ardennes. The duchies were united again in 1033. but divided perma- nently in 1048. The most noted of the dukes of Lower Lorraine was Godfrey de Bouillon (q.v.). By the middle of the thirteenth century Lower Lorraine had come to be divided among the counts of Louvain (later dukes of Brabant), the counts of Holland, Lindjurg. and LiLxemburg. and the bishops of LHrecht. After many vicissitudes, most of it passed under the sway of the dnkes of Burgimdy. Upper Lorraine, which contained Metz, Toul, Verdun, Treves, Nancy, etc., was styled Lorraine in the thirteenth century, as the I
