LOUIS I. 480 LOUISEVILLE. of party strife, in a f^reat measure fruitless of results," with violent ministerial clianp;e.s. Among the ministers who wieUlcd power were Saldanha, Pereira de Mello. and Castro. In its colonial policy the (Jovernment showed some vigor. LOUIS II,, THE Springer (1042-1123). Land- grave of Tluiringia and sou of Louis I., 'The Bearded,' who founded the Thuringian House. He was a fairly constant supporter of the Km- peror Henry IV.. and foiuuled the Warthurg and several other cloisters, one of which he entered as a monk toward the end of his life. According to the legend, he fell in love with Adcllicid of Saxony, killed her husband, and married her. The murdered man's friends <'apturcd him in the Castle (iiebiclienstein, near Halle, hut by a won- derful leap he managed to escape from them, and thereby earned his nickname. He was succeeded by his" eldest son. Loui- HI., and the latter by his son, Louis IV. LOUIS, Order of. A French order with three classes founded by Louis XIV. in 1G03 for mili- tary service. It was dissolved at the Revolution, was restored by Louis Will., and ceased to exist in 1830. LOUISA (LUISE AUGUSTE WiLHELMINE AmA- I.IK). (.lucen of Prussia. See LviSE. LOUISA, Order of. A Prussian order, found- ed in 1814 by King Frederick William III. in memory of Queen Louisa, and conferred for dis- tinguished patriotism and luuuanity. Its mem- bership of 100 was limited to Prussian subjects. In ISoO it was revived as a distinction for womcii who had rendered notable service in the care of the wounded in 1848 and 1849. It was again bestowed for similar services in 1865, 186fi. and 1871. LOUISA ULRICA, loo-e'zji i.il-iv'ka (1720- 82). (j)ui'cn of Sweilcn. sister of Frederick the Great. She was born in Berlin, and married in 1744 the Crown Prince Adolphus Frederick of Sweden, who ascended the throne in 1751. She was a woman of rare intelligence, but was over- bearing, anil rashly spurred on her feeble hus- band to assert his power in opjxisiticm to the estates of the realm. Through !ur intlucnce the great botanist Linnseus was enabled to publish his system, and the .cadcmy of Belles-Lettres and History and the iluseum at Stockholm were founded. LOUISBURG, lon'is-bfirg. A town on the Atlantic coast of Cape Breton Island, command- ing the entrance to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, a position which gave it great importance during the French aiul English wars of the eighteenth century. Cape Breton Island was secured to the French by the Peace of Utrecht in 1713. and the French Government at enormous expense erected a formidable fortress, inclosing and commanding an excellent harbor. This post served as a rendezvous for French fleets and French priva- teers and was a source of ever-threatening dan- ger to the New England fishermen on the Banks. So great was this menace that, in 1745. Governor Shirley of ilassachusetts was able to induce the Assembly of that Colony to tindertakc the reduc- tion of the post. A force of some 3000 men (the great majority of whom were from Massachu- setts), under the leadership of Col. William Pep- perell, escorted by a fleet of 100 New England vessels, was joined by a British squadron under Commodore Warren, and the undertaking was carried to a triumphant conclusion. Louisburg was invested .April 30. 1745, and its garrison of IfiOO men surrendered on .June 17th. In 1748, however, by the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, Louisburg again became the property of France. Ten years later, in 1758. the town was invested by a force of 14,000 men under General Amherst and captured. Since that time it has been a part of British America. hile under the French dominion. Louisljurg was a flourishing centre for the fishing trade. Under English gov- ernment the place has dwindled into insignili- cunce. and its capacious harbor is used simply as a stopping-place for steamships. Besides the his- tories of Cape Breton, much valual)le material relating to the siege of Louisburg has been [)ub- lished in the annual volumes of the Society of Colonial Wars. LOUIS-D'OR, loo'i-dor' ( Fr.. golden Louis). A gold coin which was introduced into France in 1641. and continued to be coined till 1810. Its milled edges were intended to prevent clipping and paring. The louis-d'or ranged in value from about $4.00 to .$4. .50, while dcmi-louis and double- louis were also frequently issued. Some hmis- d'or bear special names, chiefly derived from the figure exhibited on the obverse side. In some parts of Germany the larger gold pieces, of five thalers or thereabouts, were often popularly called loiiis-d'or, and the name was also occasion- ally aiiplied to the French napoleon, or 20-franc piece. LOUIS FREDERICK CHRISTIAN, Prince, usually called Louis Ff.rdixand (1772-1806). A Prince of Prussia, son of Prince Ferdinand, a i)rother of Frederick the Great; an able and brave but eccentric man. He took ])art in the Rhine campaign of 1792, commanded the van- guard of Hohenlohe's corps in 1806, and, despite orders, fought a battle at Saalfcld on October 10, 1806, in which he was killed. LOUISE OF SAVOY (1476-1531). Duchess of AngoulOme, and later Regent of France. She was the daughter of Philip, Duke of Savoy, and was born at Pont d'Ain. At the age of twelve she married Charles, Count of Angouleme. and became the mother of JIarguerite of .Vngoulr-me (1402) and of Francis I. (1494). Her husband died in 1496. By the decision of the States- General (1506). Francis married Claude, daugh- ter of Louis XII.. whom he succeeded in 1515. His mother became Regent during his absence in Italy. When the expedition returned she re- frained from any open show of authority, but still molded the Kin^ to suit her desires. Her treatiuent of the Constable de Bourbon (see BotRROx, Charles) caused the desertion of that able general to the side of Charles V. She be- came Regent again on Francis's return to Italy, and after the disaster of Pavia (1525) made an alliance with the Swiss and with Henry VIII. She negotiated the Peace of Cambrai with Mar garet of Austria in 1529 (the so-called Lndii-' Peace). Her .Journal has been published in the collection of memoirs. Consult De !Maulde, Loiii.w de Havoic et Francois I. (Paris. 1895). LOUISEVILLE, or RivifeRE nu Loup, rc'vyAr' du lix) (en haut). The capital of JIaskinongc County, Quebec, Canada, on Lake Saint Peter, and the Canadian Pacific Railway, 20 miles west of Three Rivers. Tanneries constitute its chief
