LOWNDES. 505 LOWTH. to the provisions restricting the slave trade, enabling Congress to regulate commerce, and concentrating power in the hands of the Fed- eral t;oernment. LOWNDES, William (1782-1822). An American political leader and legislator. He was born at Saint Bartholomew's Parish, Colle- ton County, S. C. ; was educated in England and at Charleston; studied law, and was admilted to the bar in 1804, but practiced for only a year; and then, having married the daughter of Thomas Pinckney, retired to his plantation. .llying himself politically with the Jeft'ersonian Reptb- licans. he was in 1806 elected to the South Caro- lina Assembly, and from 1810 until his death was a member of the National House of Repre- sentatives. As a member of the Committee on Military Affairs, he was a sharp critic of the Administration's conduct of the War of 1812, opposed the confiscation of merchants' bonds, and voted with the Federalists on some questions. In 1814 he became chairman of the Committee on Naval Afl'airs, a position in which he strongly opposed privateering. In the session of 181.5-16, as chairman of the Committee of Ways and Cleans, he drew up and secured the passage, with the support of Calhoun, but in the face of violent opposition from Southern agricultural interests, of the 'Tariff of 1816.' which recognized the protective principle. At the first session of the Fifteenth Congress he secured the passage of his measure establishing a sinking fund. In 1819 he became chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He again declined the French mission, and on December 18. 1821, was nominated for the Presidency by the South Carolina Legislature — an honor which he did not refuse, but was loath to accept for fear of hurting the chances of his friend Calhoun. About this time, however, his health began to fail rapidly. On October 21, 1822. he sailed for Europe, but died on the 27th, and was buried at sea. His influence in national legislation during the critical decade 1812 to 1822 was very great, and the estimate of him reported to have been made by Henry Clay, that he was the wisest man he ever knew, gives a good idea of his standin? among his contempo- raries. Consult Ravenel. Life and Times of 'Wil- liam Loundes (Boston, 1901). LOWNDES, William Thomas (c.1798-1843). An English bibliographer. He carried on the trade of a bookseller, in the Strand. London; was an enthusiastic bibliographer, and published two books of standard authority in the subjects with which they deal: The Biblioqrapher's Manual of Enfilish Litcrntiire (4 vols., 1834), and The Brit- ish Librarian or Book Collector's Guide (1839). Only eleven parts of the latter had been com- pleted when the author succumbed to insanity brought on by poverty and neglect. Consult Bohn's edition of the Biblior/rapher's Manual (1864). and Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, vol. iii. (9 vols., London. 1812-15). LOWEIE, lou'rl, Walter (1784-1868). An American legislator and promoter of foreign missions. He was born in Edinburgh. Scotland, but removed with his parents to America in 1791, and settled first in Huntingdon County, and then in Butler County, Pa. He educated himself for the ministry, but never filled a pastorate. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Senate from 1811 to 1818 and of the United States Senate from 1818 to 1824, after which he served for twelve years as secretary of the Senate. During his term as United States Senator he devoted much of his attention to religious matters, and was one of the organizers of the Congressional prayer-meeting and a Congressional total absti- nence society. He was elected corrosjjonding sec- retary of the Western Foreign Missionary So- ciety in 1830, and for more than thirty years held a similar position in the Board of Foreign Mis- sions of the Presbyterian Church. Three of his sons, JouN Camekon, Waltek JIacon, and 11el> BEjj, were prominent as missionaries to India and China. LOWRY, RoBEBT (1820-99). An American Baptist clergj'man, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the Lewisburg I'nivcrsity, Lew- isburg. Pa., in 1854. Afterwards he held pasto- rates in West Chester, Pa., in New York City, and in Brooklyn. In 1809-75 he was professor of belles-lettres at Lewisburg. From 1870. until 1885 he was pastor of a church in Plainfield, N. .1. He was the author and composer of a large number of hynms and tunes, and edited many song-books, such as Chtijicl J/e<odies( 1808) and Chautau(jua Carols (1878). LOW SUNDAY (so called because of its rela- tive importance to Easter). The first Sunday after Easter. This day is also called in the Roman Catholic Church Dominica in Albis. be- cause in early times those who had been bap- tized just before Easter usually wore white gar- ments until this day. LOWTH, or LOITTH, lomii, RoiiERT (1710- 87 ) . An English bishop and scholar. He was born at Winchester, November 27, 1710, the son of William Lowth (q.v.). He was educated at Winchester Scliool. whence, with a reputation both as a scholar and a poet, he j)assed to New College, Oxford, in 1730. Here he took his de- gree of M,A, in 1737, and only four years after was appointed professor of poetry. In 17.50 Bishop Hoadly conferred on him the Archdeacon- ry of Winchester, and in 1753 the rectory of Woodhay, in Hampshire. In the same year he published in Latin his Lectures nn Hchreir Poetry ( De f^acra Poesi Hebra-nrum Pr(ctcclion( s A cade- niicw). This work had great influence, both in En.gland and on the Continent, and has passed through many editions with notes and emenda- tions (e.g. by Rosenmiillcr. Leipzig. 1815; Eng. trans., London. 1787; new ed. 1847). In 1755 Lowth became prebendary of Durham and rector of Sedgefield, Bishop of Saint Davids in 1706, of O.xford a few months after, of London in 1777, declined the primacy in 1783 on the score of ill health, and died in London, November 3, 1787. Besides his Hebrew Poetry, his two principal works are Life of William of ^yykeham (1758) and Isaiah, a New Translation, with a Preliminary Dissertation, and otes. Critical. Philnlogical. and Eoeplanatory (1778; 12th ed. 1842). His Sermons and Other Remains, with a memoir by P. Hall, appeared in London. 1834. LOWTH. William (1060-17.32). A Church of Ensland divine, father of Bishop Robert Lowth (q.v.). He was born in London; studied at Oxford in 1679. and was Vicar of Burilon. Hampshire, from 1699 to his death. His reputa- tion rests upon his Vindication of the Divine Authoriti/ of the Old and .Veir Testaments {1692) ;' Directions for the Profitable Study of
