LXJCCA. 514 LUCERNE. to continue her studies and so joined the chorus of the Vienna Court opera. In 1859 she made her debut at Olniiitz as Elvira in Eniani. She then sang for a while in Trague, and in 18G1, having attracted tlie attention of .Meyerbeer, ob- tained an engagement at Berlin, where her suc- cess was abscilule for years. In 1SG3 she made her first appoaranee in England, to which coun- try, as well as to France and Russia, she made many subsequent visits. In 1872 she came to the United States, where she became a great favorite. Meyerbeer and Auber considered her unequah'd, ami the latter was so struck l)y her interpretation of the part of Zerlina in Fra Diaiolo that he gave her the pen with which he had written the opera. Her most famous n'lles inchulc Selika (I'Afri- caiiir). Carmen, Elsa, ilarguerite, and La Son-- nambula. LUCCHESINI, li.ikka-ze'ni'. Oirolamo, >Iar- chese ( 17.32-1S2.3 ) . A Prussian diplomat, born at Lucca. In 1778 he went to Berlin, was intro- duced by Abbe I'ontana to Frederick II. of Prus- sia, and w-as made his librarian. In 1700 he was sent to Warsaw, where in spite of strong opposi- tion he concluded a treaty between Poland and Prussia, and in 1802 lie was sent to Paris as plenipotentiary and advocated a Franco-Prussian alliance. In 1800. on the outbreak of war. he left Paris, and was a j)cace conunissioncr after the battle of .Jena, but, the King not approving the terms he had made, he retired to Lucca in 1807. LUCE, h.is, Al'GUSTE Sim£ox (1833-02). A French historian, born at Bretteville-sur-Ay, Manche, and educated at the Ecole des Chartcs (185r)-,')8), where he studied law. He was made archivist of the Dejiartment of Deux-S&vres (1858), and was head of tlie historical depart- ment in the national archives from ISflC. In 1882 he was made a member of the Academy of Inscrip- tions and Belles-lettres, professor of the sources of French history at the Ecole des Charles the same year, and in 1883 received the Legion of Honor cross. Ho prepared an edition of Froissart'a chronicles ( 18(1(1-88) ; one of the Chronitiur lUi Mont-Saiitt-Michel (1879-80), and published also De Oaidone I'oemaic (lallico Yetustiore Disfiuisi- tio Critica ( 18(i0) ; Chroniquc des quatre premiers Tolois (1802) ; Histoire dc Bertrand Dugueselin et de sn)i ^iioi/uc (1870, 2d ed. 1883); Jeanne d'Arc a Domrtmy (1880) ; and La France pen- dant la guerre dc Cent Ans (1890). LUCE, Stepiien Bi.EErKEK (1827—). An American naval ofhccr. born in Albany. N. Y. He entered the L^nited States Xavy in 1841, was commissioned lieutenant in 1855, and in 1802 as lieutenant-connuander aided in the blockade of South Carolina ports, jiarticipating in the bat- tles of Ilatteras Inlet and Port Royal. In 1872 he became captain, in 1881 commodore, and in 1885 rear-admiral. From 1884 to 1880 he was president of the United States Xaval War Col- lege, of which he was a founder, and in 1889 he was retired. In 1892 he represented the L'nitod States as commissioner-general at the Columbian celebration held at Madrid to commemorate the four lumdredth anniversary of the discovery of America. He published Srnmnnsihip (1808), which was used as a text-book at the Nav<al Academy, and edited The Pntriotic and Naval Sonnxtrr (1883). LUCENA, looth.n'na. A city in the Province of Cordova. Spain, 30 miles southeast of the city of that name, and picturesquely situated between two hills (Map: Spain, C 4). The neighboring territory is famous for its breed of horses and its production of wine; the city has manufac- tures of textiles, bronze, and eartlienwarc. Popu- lation, in 1887, 21,271; in 1000, 21,204. LUCERA, loo-cha'rft ( Lat. Lwccrin) . A town of Southern Italy, in the Province of Fog^hi. situ- ated on an eminence 10 miles west-northwest of Foggia (Map: ltal_y, K 0). It has a lyccum, :i. technical school, a cathedral, a splendid episcopal palace, and well-preserved remains of a castle l)uilt by Emperor Frederick II. A large trade in silk is" carried on by the inhabitants. Popula- tion (commune), in 1901, 17.515. Numerous in- scriptions and fragments of ancient sculpture have bien found here. LU'CERES. One of the tlirce patrician tribes of ancient Rome. LU'CERNE. A leguminous fodder plant. See Alkalea. LUCERNE, loo-sOrn', Fr. pron. lu'srirn'. A canton of North Central Switzerland, bounded by the Canton of Aargau on the north. Zug and Unterwalden on the east, and Bern on the south and west. Its area is 570 square miles. The southern part belongs to the great Alpine high- land, two spurs of which, the Lucerne Alps, in- close the Entlebuch Valley, through which the Little Emme flows into the Reuss after the latter issues from the Lake of Lucerne (q.v. ) in the eastern part of the canton. Northward the land slopes into the Gau Valley, watered by the Wig- ger. the Suhr. and other tributaries of the Aar. Here also are the two lakes of Baldegg and Sem- pach. The great northern valley is essentially an agricultural country, and about four-fifths of the whole canton consists of arable or pasture land. Grain, potatoes, flax. hemp, and fruit are produced: it is one of the foremost stock-raising cantons, especially for cows and goats. Large quantities of milk are yielded, of which about 00 per cent, is used in the manufacture of chee-o and condensed milk. Straw-braiding is carried on largely as a house industry, and there are some textile, metal, paper, and tobacco manufac- ttires, especially in the neighborhood of the city of Lucerne. By the cantonal Constitution of 1875, but slightly revised since, there is a Legis- lature of 55 members elected by the people for four years, and an executive of seven mem- bers elected by the Legislature for the same period. The initiative and referendum are in force, and a popular vote can be called by the de- mand of 5000 citizens. The canton sends seven members to the National Comicil. Education is well provided for in primary and secondary schools, a pro-g;vmnasium. a normal school, and lartre public libraries. The population, in 1888, was 1.35.300, and in 1900, 140.1.59, Practically all are ("ierman-speakin.s. The great majority are Ronian Catholics. The history of the canton is largely bound up with that of the city of Lucerne (q.v.). It was the fourth to join the Swiss Confederation, which it did in 1332, During the fourteenth and fif- teenth centuries it increased its territory by pur- chase and by conqtiest. Its government was largely an oligarchy in the hands of a few families until the French invasion of 1708, when democratic in- stitutions were established.
