LYNCH. 573 LYNCH LAW. mischief during the absence of the local military. In taking this action, however, lie clearly ex- ceeded the limit of his powers, and when, after the fall of Vorktown, he returned, the Tories threatened to prosecute him. Lynch appealed to the Legislature, and that body passed an act ad- iiiittiiig the illegality of his action, but, in con- si<leration of the circumstances, exonerating him. By many the term "LjTich law' is thought to have originated through his procedure. Consult Page, "The Real .Judge Lynch," Atlantic Month- ly, vol. lx.vxviii. (Boston, I'JOl). LYNCH, .John .Joseph (1816—). A Cana- dian Roman Catholic archbishop, born in Ireland. He was educated in Dublin and Paris, and in 1843 was ordained a priest. After being a professor for three jears in the College of Castleknock, he came to the L'nited States and began missionary work at Houston, Tex. After- wards he went to Jlissouri and became presi- dent of the Lazarist College of Saint Mary the Barren, in that State. He afterwards went to Canada, founded the Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, near Niagara Falls, and in 1860 was appointed Bishop of Toronto. He attended the Vatican Council in 1860. and was made Arch- bishop of Toronto and Metropolitan of Ontario. LYNCH, Patricio (1825-86). A Chilean naval officer, of Irish descent, born in Valparaiso. He was educated for the nav3% first saw active service in the war with Peru in 1838, and in the following year entered the English navy. He took part in the Chinese War (1840-42), and did not reenter the Chilean n.avy until 1847. In 1865 he fought in the war against Spain, and was made Governor of Valparaiso. He was in com- mand of an expedition in 1879 and 1880 that destro.yed an enormous amount of property in the northern part of Peru, and during the cam- paign that followed took jiart in the battle of Chorrillos, the attack on Lima, and the battle of Mirailores. As a reward for his services he was made commander of the Chilean army. He kept strict military discipline in the captured city of Lima, deposed the Calderon Government, and took Calderon himself prisoner despite the objections of the United States Minister. Aftei" peace was proclaimed he was promoted to be vice-admiral of the Chilean navy, and Minister to Spain (1885). He died at sea on his return voyage to Chile. LYNCH, Thomas (1740-70). An Ameri- can patriot, one of the signers of the Declaration cf Independence, born in South Carolina. At the age of fourteen he went to England, where he was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and was admitted to the practice of law in the Inns of Court, London, in 1767. In 1772 he returned to South Carolina, and became active in the Patriot cause. He was appointed captain of one of the provincial regiments in 1775; in 1776 he joined his father in Philadelphia as one of the South Carolina delegates in the Continental Congress. LYNCH, Thomas Tore (1818-71). An Eng- lish Congregationalist minister and hymn-Avriter. He was born at Dunmow. Essex, and was pastor in London from 1847 to his death. His Ht/mns for Heart and Voire: The RiruJct (1855) has furnished some hymns for general use. but most of them were not adapted for singing. Its ap- pearance was the occasion for a controversy, known as 'The Rivulet Controversy,' because it was accused of being pantheistic. Consult his memoir by White (London, 1874). LYNCH, William Francis (1801-65). An American naval ollicer, born in Xorfolk, Va. In 1848 he conducted a valuable official survey of the .Jordan River and the Dead Sea. He became commander in 1849 and captain in 1856, resign- ing in 1861 to enter the Confederate service, in which he attained the rank of commodore. He published Xanalive of the United Slulca Ex- pedilioti to the lliver Jordan and the Dead Sea (1840) ; and Xaval Life, or Observations Afloat and On Hhore ( 1851). LYNCH'BtrRG. A city in Campbell County, Va., 124 miles west by south of Richmond and 172 miles from Washington, D. C; on the .James River, and on the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Nor- folk and Western, and the Southern railroads (Map: Virginia, E 4). iThc situation of the city is remarkably picturesque. A steep acclivity rises from the banks of the river, breaking into numerous hills, whose terraced walls, ornamented with trees and skirting handsome dwellings, pre- sent an attractive appearance. In the back- ground, at a distance of twenty miles but promi- nently in view, rise the Blue Ridge and the Peaks of Otter. There are about ninety acres in public parks. The city is the seat of the Randolph Macon Woman's College, and has the Miller Female Orphan Asylum and two well-equipped hospitals. Lynchburg is the centre of enormous tobacco manufactures, and, on ac- count of its excellent railroad facilities, controls important jobbing and shipping interests. Vast fields of coal and iron ore are in the immediate neighborhood, also quarries of ^jranite. Besides the tobacco factories, there are iron and brass foundries. Hour mills, cotton mills, shoe factories, pipe works, dye works, and manufactories of bark extract, hardware, plows, wagons, and textiles. The city possesses water power estimated at 2000 horse power, with 5000 more as yet undeveloped. The government, under a revised charter of 1899, is vested in a mayor, elected everj' two years, and a unicameral council in which rests appoint- ments to the majority of administrative offices. The clerk of courts, commissioner of revenue, and city treasurer are, however, elected by the people. " Lvnchburg owns and operates the water works. Population, in 1890, 19,709; in 1900, 18,891. Founded in 1786 by John Lynch, Lynchburg was first incorporated in 1823. During the Civil War it was used by the Confederates as a base of supplies, and on .June 18, 1864, the Federal (iencral Hunter made an unsuccessful attempt to capture it. Consult Cabell, SIcelehes and Rec- ollections of Lynchburg (Richmond, Va., 1858). LYNCH LAW. In the United States, a term applied to the summary method of inllicting pun- ishment for certain offenses without authority of law. Formerly the term was applied to any unauthorized punishment, but now it is re- stricted mainly to punishment by death. The origin of the term is surrounded by obscurity. The most generally accepted explanation asso- ciates the beginning of the practice with one Charles Lynch (q.v.), a Virginia planter, whc undertookto maintain order by taking into his own hands the punishment of nil disorderly oi disaffected persons. Tliis method of dealing with the lawless element met the approval of public
