MACBETH. 596 MACCABEES. of the Province of Moray. In tlie year 1040 he revolted a-jainst King IJunean of Scotland and killed him at Duusinane. Macbeth now ascended the throne and reigned for about seventeen years. He made grants to the Culdees of Lochleven. and in the year lO.iO went on a pilgrimage to Rome. Malcolm MacDuncan. or C'anmore, the eldest son of King Duncan, had fled to England on his father's death; and in the summer of 1054 his kinsman. Siward, Earl of Northumberland, led an Knglisli army into Scotland against Macbeth. The King was defeated with great slaughter, but escaped from the field and still kept the throne. Three years afterwards he was defeated by Mal- colm ilacUuncan, and slain at Lumphanan, on August 15, 1057. ilacbeth left a nephew, Luloeh, who was slain in 1058 at Essie, in Strathbogie. Consult: Skene, Celtic Scotland (3 vols.. Edin- burgh, lS7li-S0) : Robertson. Eitrlij Kings of Scot- land (2 vols., Eilinburgh, 1802) ; Boswell-Stone, Shalesjiearr's Uolinshcd (New York, 189G). MACBETH. A tragedy by Shakespeare, writ- ten probably in 1006. printed in 1623. Dr. P'or- nian saw it acted at the Globe in 1610. The source of the plot is Holinshed's Chronicles of Scottish Ilistorij (1577). taken from Bellenden's translation (1536) of Hector Boeee's Latin His- loria Scotorum (1526). Lady Macbeth was doubtless suggested by another passage in Holin- shed, "The Murder of King Duffe," of which a metrical version is found in Wyntoun's Chronicle of Scotland (1400). The historical prototypes of the tragedy lived about 1040, and tlie actual !Maebeth seems to have had as good a right to the throne as Duncan, both being grandsons of a former king. That the play was written soon after .James L's accession, when a Scotch theme was appropriate, seems probable from the allu- sion in Macbeth's vision, "Some I see that two- fold balls and treble sceptres carry," and also when Banqno. the fabled ancestor of the Stuarts, is not made to share in the murder, as was the actual case. Macbeth is Shakesj)eare"s shortest work, and evidently much mutilated. In 1674 it was reproduced with 'amendments' by D'Avenant, and some changes taken from Middleton's Witch, which was originally imitated from Uachcth. McBUR'NEY, Charles (1845—). An American surgeon. Born in Roxbury, Mass., Mc- Burney received his early education in ]u-ivate schools in Boston, and was graduated from Har- vard in 1866. He received A.M. from Harvard in 1860. and M.D. in 1870 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City. He has been connected with the faculty of tiiat in- stitution as assistant demonstrator of anatoniv (1872-741; demonstrator of anatomy (1874-SO)": lecturer on anatomy (1878-80) ; clinical lecturer and instructor in anatomy (1882-89) ; professor of surgery from 1889 to 'the present time. Dr. McBurney was sole attending surgeon to Roose- velt Hospital from 1886 to 1902. He is consulting surgeon to Roosevelt. Saint Luke's. Saint Mark's, New Y'ork, and Presb^ierian hospitals, and to the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, all in New Y'ork City. He is widely known as a most skillful operative surgeon, and is a member of many medical bodies. McBURNEY, Robert R.wkes (1837-98). An American religious worker, general secretary of the New Y'ork Young Men's Christian Associa- tion. He was born in Castleblaney, Ireland, and came to this country in 1854. In 1862 he re- ceived a salaried position, the first to be pro- vided for by the association. He gave his entire life to this work. McCABE, mu-kfd/, C^iarles Cardwell ( 1836 — ). An American ilethodist clergynum, born in Athens, Ohio. He studied at the Ohio Wesleyaii University, and entered the Ohio Conference in 1860. In 1802 he enlisted as chaplain in the Federal Army, and joined the 122d Ohio Infantry. At the battle of Winchester he was taken prisoner, and was in Libby Prison for four months. He rejoined his regiment, but soon afterwards was engaged as a lecturer by the Christian Commis- sion. Subsequently he held a pastorate at Ports- mouth, Ohio. In 1866 he was apijointed agent of the Centenary Fund and two years later was made agent of the Church Extension Society. In 1884 he was appointed corresponding secretary of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episco- pal Church. He was consecrated a bishop in 1896. McCABE, James Dabnet (1842-83). An American writer. He was born in Richmond, Va., was educated at the Virginia Military In- stitute, began very earlj' to write for the press, and during the Civil War employed his pen in the service of the Confederate States. His chief work is The Life and Cnmpaiyns of (Sen. R. K. Lee (1867) ; and he is also the author of a Life of Oen. T. J. Jackson (1863) ; a Memoir of (Icn. A. S. Johnston (1866); The Great Kcpuhlic (1872) ; and I'athicaijs of the Holy Land (1877). MACCABEES. The name given to a Jewish family of great prominence B.C. 167-37. The surname Maccaba?us properly belongs only to the most prominent representative of the family, Judas, and in the Books of the Maccabees is given to him alone. From him the designation was applied to other members of the family. The common interpretation of Maccaboeus as 'the hammerer' is open to objection, and there is no proof that it was given to Judas because of valor. The family are also called Asmoneans or Hasmoneans. from the name of an ancestor. The Maccabees first come into prominence in con- nection with the attempt of Antiochus IV., Epiphanes (B.C. 175-164), to crush out bj' force the rites of the Jewish religion and substitute the Greek cult therefor. (See Jews.) Every village in Palestine was required to set up an altar to the Greek gods and sacrifices were of- fered daily. At this juncture the aged priest Mattathias, with his five sons, Jochanan, Simon, .Judah (.Judas), Eleazar. and Jonathan, placed themselves in opposition to the King's policy. At the beginning of the trouble Mattathias was residing at Modin, a town about eighteen miles northwest of Jerusalem. When ordered to oiler the first heathen sacrifice he resolutely refused. Apelles, a Syrian captain, endeavored to induce him by tempting promises to relinquish his faith and embrace the Greek religion. He answered by slaying with his own hand the first renegade Jew who approached the altar of idolatry and by pulling down the altar. The sons of jilatta- thias, with a handful of faithful men, rose against the national foe and fled to the moun- tains, where they raised the standard of rebel- lion. Mattathias died B.C. 160, and Judas became the leader of the patriots. For subsequent events, see the articles on the different members of the family, Juhas Macc.b.«us ; JoN.THAN; SiMON Maccab.s:us; Htrcanus; Aeistobulus I.; Al-
