Jesus (1885); The Ouspel in yature : Object <md Outline Tcacliiny (1871); The Latimfrs, a iScotch-lrish Historic Romance of the Western Insurrection (1898); and the entomological works. The Mound-ildlinij Ants of the Alleghanies (1877) ; The A</ririiIturul Ants of Texas (1879) ; Honey Ants and Occident Ants (1882) ; American Hpiders and their tifrinning Work (1889-93) ; and Tenants of an Old Farm (1884J.
McCOR'MICK, CVRUS Hall (1809-84). An American inventor and manufacturer. He was born in Virginia, but removed to Cincinnati in 1845, and to Cliicago in 1847. In 1831 he con- structed the reaping maeliine which, subsequently patented and greatly improved, has become cele- brated in many lands and won for its inventor wealth, medals, and decorations. In 1859, with a portion of his wealtli. he contributed largely to the establishment at Chicago of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Xorthwest. and afterwards endowed a professor's chair in Wash- ington and Lee I'nivcrsity, Lexington, Va. Mccormick theological seminary. A divinity scln.ul of the rrcsbytcrian Church, in Cliicago, opened in 1830 as the theological department of Hanover Academy at Han- over, Ind. In 1840 it was removed to Xew Albany, Ind., where it remained until reestab- lished at Chicago in 1859 upon an offer of en- dowment by Cyrus H. JlcCorniielc under the name of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Xorthwest. Its present name was assumed in 1886. The seminary charges no fees for tuition or lodging. Special funds provide assist- ance for needy students, and fellowships are awarded for excellence. There are six buildings, valued with the grounds at .$400,000. The librai-y contains upward of 25,000 volumes. In 1903 the seminary had ten instructors, 120 students, an endowment of $1,000,000, and a gross income of .$25,000, the total value of its property being estimated at $1,500,000.
McCOSH', J.MES (1811-94). A Scottish- American philosopher and educator. He was born in his father's farmhouse at Carskeoch in Ayrshire, April 1, 1811. At the age of thirteen lie was sent to Glasgow L'niversity, and went thence in 1829 to Edinburgh. Always a philoso- pher, he had not at first the intention of devoting himself to education. In 1834 he began preach- ing, and not long after was .settled as a minis- ter at Arbroath. In 1839 he removed to a larger charge at Brechin. During his incum- bency there he threw himself ardently into the work of setting up the Free Church of Scot- land, as a protest against the reception of State aid by the Established Kirk, which the seceders called Erastianism. After the arduous labors of disruption had a little relaxed, he published in 1850 The Method of the Divine Gov- ernment. Pht/siral and Moral, which no less an authority than Sir William Hamilton pronounced "worthy of the highest encomium." This book laid the foundation of his fame as a philosophi- cal writer, and he probably owed to it his ap- pointment in the following year to the chair of logic and metaphysics in the college at Bel- fast of the newly founded Queen's University, and the beginning of an educational career which was to last till the close of his active life. The eighteen years which he spent at Belfast were, however, by no means exclusively devoted to the teaching of philosophy. He was active in all schemes for good, caring for the spiritual welfare of all who were brought into relation with him, laboring to promote workingmen's clubs and the circulation of the Scriptures and carrying out his anti-Erastian principles by supporting the Irish Presbyterians in the establishment of a sustcntation fund. Called back in 1856 to teach apologetics and theology at Glasgow, he reso- lutely declined, and remained at Belfast until he was invited in 1808 to a?isume the presidency of Princeton College. On the occasion of a pre- vious visit to the United States he had been impressed with the belief that the American col- leges, "while the}- had not the prestige nor the consolidation of the Eurojiean ones in such de- partments as mathematics and classics, had nev- ertheless a better capacity for development:" and it may have been this which tempted him to leave his work in Ireland. It was a critical period for American higher education. Xew ideas were abroad, scarcely tested as yet ; possi- bilities were in the air, of splendid promise. Xo small task was set before a foreigner, well on in middle life, who was expected to evolve a new system, to win public confidence, to regenerate student manners, and to secure the endowments necessary for a work of such magnitude. It was accomplished, however, with remarkable success, as may be inferred from the fact that the number both of students and professors in Princeton Col- lege more than doubled during his administra- tion. He resigned the presidency, owing to ad- vancing age, in 1888, but retained the chair of philosophy, and continued to live at Princeton initil his death, Xovember 16, 1894. He was an ardent defender of the Scotch philosophy against empiricism, and enlarged its scope by placing much more of our knowledge to the credit of in- tuition than had his predecessors. His theology was strictly on the lines of the Westminster Con- fession, but he was one of the first orthodox eler- gjnnen to accept and defend the theory of evolu- tion in biologj'. Among his voluminous works may be mentioned Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation, in collaboration with Dr. Dickie (1856) ; Intuitions of the Mind Inductively In- restiyated (1860) ; The Supernatural in Relation to the Xatural (1862), which was intended to form part of a completer treatment of the method of the divine government, supernatural and spirit- ual: An Examination of Mill's Philosophy (18G6); The ScottisJi Philosophy. Bioyrnphical and Critical (1874) ; The Emotions (1880) ; P.iy- choloyy of the Coynitire Poirers (1886) ; Psychol- oyi/ of the Motice Powers (1887) ; and Realistic Philosophy Defended (1887). Consult his Life, edited by Professor Sloane (Xew York. 1806).
MacCRACK'EN, Hexrt Mitohkll (1840—). An American clergjnian and educator, born in Oxfo'rd, Ohio. He graduated at Miami University in 1857, was .a teacher and school superintendent for four years, studied at the United Presbyterian Theological Seminary and then at the Princeton Theological Seminary, and held pastorates at Columbus, Ohio (1863-67), and at Toledo, Ohio (1869-81). In 1867 he served as a deputy to the Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, and of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland, and continued his studies at the universities of Tiibinsren and Berlin. He was chancellor of the Western University in Pittsburg from 1881 to 1884, was then called to be pro-
