MACE. 611 MACEDONIA. In 1883 he was elected to the Cliamber as Life Senator. MACEDO, nia-cha'du. The name applied to the niiniatuie painter Giulio Clovio (q.v.). MACEDO^ nia-sa'do, Joaquim Manoel de (1820-82). A Brazilian poet and scientist, born at yiio Joa de Itaborahy. He became a doctor of medicine. l>ut was soon elected professor of Bra- zilian history and geography in the College of Doni Pedro at Rio de Janeiro. He was an active member of the Historical and Geographical Insti- tute. His literary productions include several nov- els, among them Moreninha ( 1S44; 5th ed. 1877) ; O nio(o louro (184.5; .5th ed. 1S77); the tragic plaj-s, Cfeo( 1849) and C'o6e(1855) ; the erotic epic lyric .1 yehiilosa ( 1857) , a story of Brazil, in unrhynied decasyllabics, showing much lyric grace and metrical charm; and, among the scientific works that filled his later years, yocioneit de cronoyrafia del Brasil (1873), which has been translated into French by Halbout. MACEDO, Jos£ Agostinho de. Padre (1701- 1831). A Portuguese poet and author, born at Beja. He entered the Augustinian Order, but was expelled and took up the life of a traveling preacher, and finally became Court chaplain ( 1802). His trenchant pen and fund of invective made him feared by all; he posed as the literary dictator of Portugal, and hii^ influence was extra- ordinary, but his scholarship was superficial and he had little talent as a poet. He tried his hand at politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (1812). In 1830 he was made Court chronicler by the usurper Dom Miguel. His works include: Gama (1811), an epic better known under its later title in the revised edition Orieiitc (1814) ; Os Burma (1812), serio-comic, and A Medifasao (1813), his best work, often reprinted. As a critic his best writings are Mntiiu lilerurio (1811); .4s Pateadas (1812); and his periodical Defiaprovador (1818-19). MACEDONIA, mas'e-dr/ni-.a, or MACEDON (Lat., from Ok. MaKeSovla, M(ikedonia) . Ancient- ly, the name of the district lying north of Thes- saly on the northwestern shore of the .-Egean. Originally its territory was confined to the region of Mount Olympus and the Cambunian !Moun- tains, east of the ridge which forms the boundary of Epirus and Illyria, and west of the .-Vxius. a river emptying into the Thermaic Gulf. Later under Philip II. it was extended as far east as the Strymon. The countiy was on the wliole mountainous, hut where it touched the sea, on the shores of the Thermaic Gulf, was a fertile plain, watered by the Haliacmon and Axius, and the valley of ' the Strymon was also productive, Macedonia was famous among the ancients for its gold and silver mines, and its productiveness in oil and wine. It contained a number of nour- ishing cities, particularly Pella, the capital; Pydna, Thessalonica ( Thoriua ) . Potida^a ( later re- Imilt as Cassandria). Olynlhus, Philippi and .m- phipolis. These cities, with the exception of Pella and Philippi. were colonized by Greeks — Ionian Greeks, except in the case of PotidiTa, which represented Dorian colonization. The Macedo- nians seem to have been a Grecian tribe, which had remained behind during the earlier migra- tions, and so been cut of! from the later develop- ment of the Hellenes. Their language was almost certainly a Greek dialect, and their government bears a striking resemblance tc the Homeric State. At the .same time they were iu)t recognized by the Greeks as entitled to the Hellenic name, though their kings claimed descent from Hercules, and were allowed, as Greeks, to compete in the Olympic games. The scattered tribes that inhabited the region are said to have been first brought under a common rule about B.C. 700, when the supremacy was acquired by the family of the Argeadic. Their first capital was at .Eg:e, but later they established tiiem- selves at Pella. The history of ilaccdonia is in- volved in much obscurity till about B.C. 490, when the Persians subdued the country, so that the Macedonian King, Alexander I., was compelled to take part with Xer.xes in his invasion of Greece. On the retreat of the Persians after the battle of Plata>a in B.C. 479, Macedonia again recovered its independence. The development of the coun- try was hampered by the chain of Greek colonies along the coast, and especially by the power- ful cities of Chaleidice, with Olynthus at their head. Under the vigorous reign of Archelaus, who died B.C. 399, it greatly increased in ])ros- perity and power; but after his death a j)eriod of civil wars and contests for the throne ensued, which ended in the accession of Philip II. (B.C. 359), who not only seated himself firmly on the throne, but knew how to develop the resources of his kingdom, and so to direct the warlike spirit of his subjects as greatly to extend his dominions. Before his death he was recognized as the leader of Greece, while he had brought the Illyrians and Thracians under subjection, and completely de- stroyed the independence of the Greek cities on the coast. His son, Alexander the Great (q.v.), brought half the then known world under his sway, but after his death the Macedonian Empire was? divided among his generals, (See Greece,) Macedonia itself fell to the lot of Antipater, after whose death (B.C. 319) ensued another period of civil wars which ended in the accession of . ti- gonus Gonatas. His successors were involved in constant wars with the .-Etolian and Acluvan Leagues, and finally with the Romans, who broke the power of Philip V. at Cynoscephala' in B.C. 197, after which they proclaimed the indepen- dence of Greece, and later overthrew Per.seus, his. successor, at Pydna (B.C. 1G8). A renewed at- tempt at a rising in B.C. 148 was followed in n.c. 146 by the organization of the country as a Ro- man province, in which Thessaly and part of Illyria were included. In the New Testament Macedonia always means the Roman province. It was one of the most important fields of the missionary labors of Paul, who founded churclies in its cities on his second journey (.-Vets xxii. 15) and visited the province several times. The epistles to the Thessalonians and Philippians were addressed to Macedonian churches, and the loyalty and devotion of XIacedonian Christians are often commended in Paul's letters. After the final division of the Roman Empire (a.d. 395) ilacedonia formed part of the Eastern or Byzan- tine Empire. It was overrun by barbarous hordes, and by the seventh century the old semi- Greek Macedonians were extinct. For a consider- able period the Bulgarians held sway in Jlace- donia. Early in the eleventh century the Byzan- tine rule was reestablished. In the fourteenth century the coimtry was included in the great Servian realm, and after another period of By-
