MACHINERY. 624 Mcintosh. ■vhicli must keep pace willi the macliinerj- impairs the body and weakens vitality. The early his- tory of manufacturing in England seemed to bear out these assertions, and the ■wellaullienticated ])ictures of the misery and sullering in the manu- facturing districts lend a sombre color to the history of the first half of the nineteenth centurj-. But factory legislation has done much to remove the evils complained of, and there is no convinc- ing evidence of jjermanent deterioration. Akin to this objection to machinery is the claim that in doing away with the old handi- crafts, art in industry was abolished. The old artisan was the master of a series of operations which culminated in the finished product. The modern wnrkman knows but a part of the work and the old skill has passed away. The artisan, it is said, lias been degraded into a mere laborer. But the assertion is too general. While opera- tions changed there was still room for the better craftsman. He rose to the work of superintend- ence, becoming the foreman or overseer of the new system. The poorer craftsmen undoulitedly sank to the position of workmen, but to lose a poor carpenter and olitain a good hand in a planing mill is ]n-obably no loss to the community at large. Moreover, as the gap between skilled and unskilled labor was no longer as wide as of old, there has probably been an uplifting of the general character of labor performed. As to the artistic side of production, it may have seemed at one tim3 that inacliineiy was eliminating this factor, but in view of recent developments this cannot be stated as a present tendency. With the perfection of machinery and the widespread use of manufactured products the artistic element has reasserted itself, and it is probable that artis- tic forms are more widely diffused in common life than they ever were before. Finally, it is to be borne in mind that the lowering in prices which results from the introduction of machin- ery frcquentlv means an increase in the real wages of the laborers not immediately aflfected by the change. The simultaneous introduction of machinery in all of the principal industries might conceivably lower wages, estimated in money, while leaving unchanged the quantity of commodi- ties which the laborer can command. What is of supreme importance, however, is the fact that the increased productivity of industry creates a fund of wealth out of which higher wages for siiorter hours may eventually be obtained. How- ever disastrous mechanical inventions may be for particular workmen, it can hardly be doubted that it will be through such inventions that the laboring class will eventually be relieved from the worst conditions of the present day. Consult: Reports of the United States De- partment of Luhor: Wright, The Industrinl Evo- lution of the United States (New York, 1895) ; Xiehnlson. The Influence of Maeliinery vpon Wnr/rs (new ed., London, 1892). MACHINE TOOLS. See 1IETAI.-W0RK1^-G Maciiixert. MACHO, mii'eho (Sp., male). MACHTJTO. A West Indian name of the 'common' mullet (3InrjH ccjihahis). See Mullet. MACHPELAH, mak-pela, Ca-e of. A cave at Hebron, the traditional burial place of the patriarchs. On its site stands a magnificent mosqiie, access to which is strictly denied to Christians. MACHUELO, mil'chuo-a'lo (Sp., diminutive of macho, male). The West Indian name of the thread herring (q.v. ). A closely related species (Opisthonemu Uhcrtate) is known in Central America as 'Sardinia machete.' MACIEJOWICE, ma'cha-yo-vit'se. A village of Ius>ian Poland, in the Government of Siedlce, near the right bank of the Vistula. It is noted for the battle fought there on October 10, 1794, in which the Polish patriots under Kosciuszko succumbed to the Russians,' commanded by Su- varofT and Fersen. McILHEN'NEY, Charles Morgan (1858 — ) . An American landscape painter, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He studied under Briscoe and at the Pennsylvania Academy of I'^ine Arts. His landscapes are treated with quiet color and much feeling. They include "A Grav Summer Noon" (1884) and "The Passing Storm" (1887). He won the first Hallgarten prize in 1893, medals at the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and hon- orable mention at the Paris Exposition. McILVAINE, mak'il-van'. Ciiarle.? Pettit (1709-1873). An American bishop of the Protes- tant E])iseopal Church. He was born in Bur- lington, N. J., graduated at Princeton in 181(i. was ordained minister in 1821, and had charge of Christ Church, Georgetown, D. C, for five years. From 1825 to 1827 he was chaplain and professor of ethics and history in the Military Academy at West Point. From 1827 to 1832 he was rector of Saint Ann's Church, Brooklyn. N. y., and in 1831 was chosen professor of ethics and revealed religion in the University of the City of New York. He was consecrated Bishop of Ohio in 1832, and also held the position of president of Kenvon College at Gambler in that State from 1832 "to 1840, and afterwards of the theological seminary there. During the Civil War he was a member of the United States Sani- tary Commission, and, visiting Europe, publicly defended the national cause. Among his pub- lished writings are: Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity (1832) ; The Holy Catholic Church (1844) ; The Truth and the Life (1855). McINTOSH, mak'In-t6.sh, Lachlan (1725- 1800). An American soldier. He was born near Eaits, Badenoch, Scotland, and was a son of John !More Mcintosh, who went to Georgia in 1736. Lachlan entered the mercantile house of Henry Laurens at Charleston, but was after- wards a land surveyor. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War he was colonel of the First Georgia Battalion, and in 1776 was made a brig- adier-general. In 1777 he killed ex-Governor Button Gwinnett in a duel. He was selected by Washington to lead an expedition against the Western Indians in 1778: was present at the siege of Savannah the next year: and was taken prisoner at the capture of Charleston in 1780. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1784. McINTOSH, :Marl .L e (1803-78). An American author, born in Georgia. She removed to New York Cit}-, and having lost her fortune in the panic of 1837, undertook autlior.ship as a means of support by publishing in 1841, under the pseudon^Tii 'Aunt Kitty.' a juvenile story. Blind Alice. This was followed by other tales, all re- published in London. Subsequent works, written for adults, were Two Lives, or to Seem and to Be (1846); Charms and Counter Charmsi (1848);
