HADBAS. 660 MADBE CE BIOS. inerous wrecks, many of liistoiic interest, have occurred in the Madras roadstead. In 1897-98, 711 vessels entered and cleared a total tonnage of 1,158,897, valued at 129,885,783 rupees, of which 105,017,710 represented foreign trade, and the balance the coastwise trade. The chief e.xports are cotton, rice, coiiee, hides, and skins. Local traflic is facilitated by the Buckingham, Cochrane, and Cotton canals. Madras has some iarge cotton mills, but its industries are purely domestic and of no great magnitude. The United States is represented by a consular agent. The mean annual temperature is 82° ; during the hot months the thermometer frequently registers 90° in the shade, but the heat is pleasantly tempered by 'the doctor,' a sea breeze so named by the residents, which sets in at noon and lasts till night. The seasons are distinctly marked by the monsoons, the northeast lasting from October to lebruary and the southwest from May to Octo- ber. The Portuguese founded Saint Thome in 1504, but Madras dates from a grant of land made by the Raja of Chandragi to a British subject in 1639, and the construction of a fortified factory. The Presidency of Madras was established in 1053. By 1743 Madras had developed into the largest city of Southern India; in 1746 it was captured by the French, but was restored two years later under the Treaty of Ai.K-la-Chapelle. In 1749 Saint Thome was annexed by the English. Madras was again besieged, but unsuccessfully, by the French in 17.58. Population, in 1891, 452,5i8; in 1901, 509.397, of which 79 per cent, were Hindus, 12 per cent. Mohammedans, and 9 per cent. Chris- tians. MADRA'SAH (Ar., school, from darasa, to study). The name given by Mohammedans to their colleges or institutions of higher education. In the first centuries of the Hegira there were no separate buildings for educational purposes; elementary and advanced instruction were both given in the mosques themselves or in annexes, and were largely of a desultory and voluntary character. In the eleventh century Nizan-el- Molk, under the iSultan Alp Arslan, is said to have founded the first college or madrasah, and the custom spread rapidly to every part of the Mohammedan world. Each of the four ortho- dox sects established colleges in the principal cities for the teaching of its tenets. Those of Bagdad at once became famous, and, soon after, those of Cairo (under Saladin), of Damascus (where over thirty existed), of Cordova, Seville, Malaga, and Granada in Spain, and of many cities in North Africa (Fez, Kufa, etc.), Turkes- tan, ami Persia (Ispahan. Shiraz). Later, there are said to have been 'as many as five hundred collcires in Constantinople. Sometimes these colleges were of a general character, teaching the doctrines of all four orthodox .sects, as regards theology and juris- prudence, with the related or propaedeutic sub- jects of grammar, exegesis of the Koran, tradi- tions, rhetoric, logic, ethics, as well as such subjects as pure literature, medicine, mathe- matics, physics, and philosophy. There was a regular staff attached to each, divided ordinarily into three classes: the cndi or judge, the nnidnr- ri'.s or professor, and the hatib or reader. They received a salary from the endowment of the college, which was administered by a body of trustees ; such property was called wakf. A cer- tain number of regular students were also sup- ported from this endowment, both teachers and students living in the college buildings. Beside a large lecture hall and several smaller ones, a hospital and operating rooms, a library, dor- mitories, kitchen and refectory, there were large and small special buildings, particularly mauso- leums and a mosque for religious devotions. Sometimes there were observatories and botani- cal gardens. Hardly any large Mohammedan city is without several such madrasah groups of buildings, usu- ally of the late mediaeval period. For the study of architecture they are almost as important as the mosques (q.v.). In fact, they usually include both mosques and minarets and sometimes the mosque forms the centre and key of the group of buildings. The magnificent so-called mosque of Sultan Hasan at Cairo (fourteenth century) is really a college with a mosque attached to it ; so is that of Kalafln. Others at Cairo are those of Khawand-el-Baraka, of Kai't Bey, of Sultans Barkuk and Muayyed. If in these and many other cases the buildings of the college proper are subordinate to the mosque, there are others where it is not so. The madrasah of Sultan Hussein at Ispahan, built around an immense court, with a double gallery of arcades, is espe- cially magnificent. MADRAS SYSTEM. See Monitorial Sys- tem. MADRAZO, ma-drii'tho, Federico de (1815- 94). A Spanish painter, son of Jose de Madrazo, born in Rome. He studied with his father and under Winterhalter in Paris, then returned to Spain, and in 1859 became professor in the Acad- emy of Madrid. With his brother-in-law, Ochoa, he founded El Artista (1835). Madrazo's most typical canvases are the able and numerous por- traits of Spanish nobles, especially of Queen Isabella, of Angel Saavcdra, and of Campoamor. In historical painting as well he imitated Muril- lo's coloring and produced such pictures as "God- frey de Bouillon Crowned King of Jerusalem," '■Women at the Sepulchre of Jesus," "The Burial of Cecilia in the Catacombs," and "Maria Chris- tina at the Bedside of Ferdinand VII." Among his later works were some excellent genre pic- tures, the chief being "The New Song," "The Cigarette," and "The Musical Matin6e." MADRAZO, ma-dril'thd, Raimundo de (1841 — ) . A Spanish painter, born in Rome. He was the son and pupil of Federico de Madrazo, and afterwards studied under Cogniet. He received a first-class medal at the Paris Exposition of 1878 for "The End of a Masked Ball," a typical work, brilliant in execution and color. Other pictures by him are: "Fete During Carnival." "El .Taleo," "Pierrette" (1878) : "The Souhrette" (1882): and "The Domino" (1883). His por- traits in oil and pastel show the same admirable technique. MADRE DE DIOS, mii'dra da dyos (native name Amaru-Mayu) . The principal tributary of the Beni River (q.v.) in South America. It rises in the Carabaya Range in the southeastern part of Peru, about 50 miles east of Cuzco. Thence it flows eastward for 900 miles through the almost unknown forest regions of La Mon- tana, crossing the northwestern part of Bolivia. At Rivera Alta it enters the Beni, about 150
