MAHABHARATA. one recentl}' added containinj; the Harivansa. It is stereotyped and has been reprinted several times (with the Harivansa in I'JOO), and has besides the text the commentary of Nilakantha. Extracts from the Southern version of the text (not radically different from the Northern) have been given by Winternitz {Indian Antiriunnj, vol. xxvii.). A complete English translation lias been made by Mohan Ganguli (published by Protap Chandra Koy, Calcutta, 18S:i-nO); and another is now appearing (il. N. Dutt, Calcutta, 1895 et seq.). There is also a French transla- tion by Fauche and Ballin (Paris, 1870-99), which is neither complete nor accurate. Various episodes of the epic have been translated by Holtzmann, ludi-iche Sat/en (Stuttgart, 1854), and by Edwin Arnold, Indinn Idi/lls (Boston, 1883). See also Hopkins, Indiri, Uld and Sev^ (New York, 1901). Summaries of the poem are furnished by Williams, Indian Wisdom (London, 1870) ; Oman, The (Ircat Indian Ejiics (ib., 1899) ; and Romesh Dutt, Mnhahharata. the Epic of Ancient India, Condensed into Enfilish Verse (ib., 1898). Technical works are: Holtzmann, Das Mahabhurata (Kiel, 1892-95); Biihler, In- dian Studies (Vienna, 1892) ; Dahlmann, Das ilahahharata als Epos and Ttecht shuck (Berlin, 1895) ; id.. Genesis des Mahahhtlrata (ib., 1899) ; Hopkins, The Great Epic of India (New York, 1901) ; Aiyer, The Chronology of Ancient India, First Series, Date of the MaMbharata War (Ma- dras, 1901). MAHAF'FY, JoHX Pextl.xd (1839—). An eminent classical scholar and historian, born at Chaponnaire, on Lake Geneva, Switzerland. He received his early education in Germany, then entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he gradu- ated in 1859.' After 1871 he was professor of ancient history in the University of Dublin. Professor MahafTy's most important works deal with the history' of ancient Greek civilization. Among his numerous publications the following may be mentioned: Commcntarij to Kant's Critique (1806): Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander (3d ed. 1877); Rambles and Studies in Greece (2d ed. 1878) ; A His- tory of Classical Greek Literature (2d ed. 1892) ; The Story of Alexander's Empire (1886); The Greek World Under Roman Sway (1890); The Flinders Petrie Papyri (Memoirs of the Royal Irish Academy, 1890-94) ; Problems in Greek History (1892'); The Empire of the Ptolemies (189G) ; etc. MAHA-KASYAPA, ma-ha'-kash'yi-pa, KA- SYAPA, or KASSAPA. Name of one of the eighty great <lisciples of the Buddha Snkyamuni. He w'as originally a Brahman, but he became one of the Buddha's' first converts. Buddha looked upon him as his successor, and after Buddha's death Kasyapa urged the convening of the first general Buddhist council and was instrumental in arranging portions of the canonical works of the Buddhist scriptures. There arc numerous leg- ends connected with his life. Consult: Rhys Davids, Buddhism (London. 1890): Kern, Man- ual of Hindu Buddhism ( Strasslmrg, 1890) ; Bur- nout, Introduction a I'histoire du buddhisme in- dien (Paris, 1844) ; id., Le lotus de la bonne loi (ib.. 18.">2l. MAHAN', Alfred Th.^ter (1840—). An American naval officer and author, born at West 697 MAHAN. Point, X. Y. His father was D. H. Mahan, who for many years was a professor in the United States Military Academy, and whose books on military engineering had an international repu- tation. The son graduated at the United States Xaval Academy in 1859, entered the naw as a midshipman, and was made a lieutenant in 1861. During the Civil War he saw active service in the South Atlantic and Gulf squadrons, and from 18G2 to 1803 was on duty at the Xaval Academy. He was made lieutenant-commander in 1865, commander in 1872, and captain in 1885. From 1886 to 1889, and again from 1892 to 1893, he was president of the Xaval War Col- lege at Xewport. At his own request he was retired from active service in Xovember, 1896, but during the war with Spain served on the Xaval War Board, and in the following year was one of the United States representatives to the Peace Congress at The Hague. Captain Mahan's reputation rests chiefly upon his work as a writer. His first book. Gulf and Inland Waters (1883), which was contributed to a series called "The Xavy in the Civil War," was not particularl}- successful : and it was not until 1890, when hi.s great work. Influence of Sea Power upon History, lliliO-l'liiS. appeared, that he sprang into prominence. This book, which was an expansion of a course of lectures that he had delivered in the Xaval War College, pointed out for the first time in a philosophic way the profound influence of maritime activity in molding the destinies of the world. It re- ceived immediate recognition both in this coun- trj' and in England as a work of the utmost importance. Two years later appeared his In- fluence of Sea Power upon the French Revolu- tion, l"iil3-181,i (2 vols.), and his Life of Farra- gut. These were followed in 1897 by the Life of Xelson, the Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (2 vols.), and by The Interest of America in Sea Poirer, Present and Fu- ture. The former received unstinted praise from even the most conservative of the Eng- lish reviewers, and is generally regarded as the best life of the great admiral yet published. Lessons of the War with Spain appeared in 1899; The War in South Africa and the Problem of Asia in 1900; Types of British Officers Drawn from the English Xary in 1901; and Retrospect and Prospect, a collection of studies of interna- tional relations, naval and political, in 1902. Mahan's other writings include many articles in the periodicals, and he assisted W. L. Clowes in writing The Royal Xavy: A History (1897). MAHAN", Dennis Hart (1802-71). -
American military engineer. He was born in Xew York, and after graduating at West Point was appointed to the engineer corps of the army. In 1825 he was made assistant professor of mathematics at the United States Military Acad- emy, where, in 1832, he became professor of military engineering. He remained at West Point in that capacity till his death, which oc- curred by suicide in a fit of temporary insanity. He wrote a number of textbooks on civil and military enginpering. which came into general use in schools and colleges in the United States. His Trcalise on Field Fortifications appeared in 1830. and was supplemented in 1805 by Mili- tary Mining and Siege Operations, the two con- stituting parts i. and ii., respectively, of .In.
