MAN. 765 MAN. limited to the family group and the local range, of ideas is at first nearly barren, since human and in which (at least initially) the only knowl- mentality remains dominated by primal animal- edge of relationship is that based on the ocular ity, yet thought gathers about beasts and other evidence of maternity : while local animals may fearsome objects to form the crude zoistie sys- be deemed more closely akin to the group than terns found among all adequately studied sav- ., alien men, and fire, certain plants, and even in- ages; later the nuclei of thought multiply but organic objects are thouglit to possess human retain the form of beliefs, ranging from zoisra attributes and may be regarded as belonging to and pantheism to inchoate monotheism ; still later the family. So, too, barbarism is a stage of less theistic concepts are refined and spiritualized extreme provincialism in which knowledge and and gradually put in the background of cos- sympathy extend to the tribe and its range, and niogony, while explanations of phenomena are ■ perhaps to confederated triljes; through increas- sought in natural laws; and finally conscious ing knowledge paternity is recognized and be- thought rises above the mechanical conditions comes the basis of a relationship from which controlling primitive life and guides action in natural objects are eliminated, though zoic tute- the light of accumulated know'ledge toward pre- ' laries are retained; and through motives of determined ends. - growing humanity, modes of adopting aliens In the several lines of activity the later ad- arise. Civilization arises with knowledge of vances are well known through modern history; neighboring regions and peoples and with recog- it is the earlier stages that are of special intcr- ■ nition of the territorial rights of neighl)ors. and est to the anthropologist, and these are outlined the stage is characterized by that fellow-feeling in later paragraphs. The stages in each line and mutual confidence on which civic organiza- overlap, and those in dift'erent lines do not tion necessarily rests. Enlightenment was mere- exactly coincide, sometimes one and sometimes ^ Ij' the natural and necessary outgrowth of ad- another leading; yet the general succession fairly
vaneing knowledge with its concomitants of represents the course of human development.
justice and humanity; the transition proc'ccding Denoting each stage in each line by a single term through political or social revolution. In ac- expressing its salient character, the sequence r cordance with the principle of cumulation, the is .shown in the accompanying table: I ACTIVITIES First stage .Second stage Third stage Fourth stage Arts Mimicry Symbolism Conventionalism Idealizatiou Industries Imitation Divination Verification Invention ■ Laws Maternalism Patriarchy Civilization Enlightenment Languages Demonstration .ociatlon Conservation Integration Ideas Zoism Polytheism Taxis Telesls later advances have been more rapid than the Esthetology: Arts, or Spoxt.vxeous Activi- , earlier: and it is through the same jn'inciple ties. In the absence of a satisfactory term to de- that peoples and races are constantly assimilat- note the more spontaneous activities nf mankind, ,, ing, and that primitive folk of sutlicient vitality the customary designation of a porticm of these • to maintain a strenuous existence are steadily may be extended to all : and when so applied the ( rising to civilization and enlightenment. term arts may be defined as including the fine I Nor does the social advancement stand alone, arts (painting, sculpture, music, the drama. - for the chief stages of human development are de- etc.) and also play, sports, games, and other ■ finable no less clearly in terms of other activities, manifestations of enjoyment and recreation, but In the field of arts the initial efforts are mimetic, not the industrial arts. the objects most frequently imitated naturally There is some diversity of opinion as to the being those self-active things which easiest hold logical order of the activities, the position of the attention : later the mimicry grows into symbol- arts being especially questioned. Thus Herbert ism stimulated and guided by current beliefs Spencer adopted the 'surplus-energy theory,' i.e. clustering about swift or strong self-motile crea- the view that in the pleasurable and recreative tures; then follows conventionalism, in which activities any surplus energy not required for artistic concepts are largely controlled by ar- immediate welfare escapes along lines related to bitrary devices; while the highest stage is that those of habitual exercise; in this view the arts of idealization, culminating in the expression of would become subordinate to and largely de- concepts by devices so simplified as to convey the pendent on the industrial and other serious similitude of reality. Similarly primitive Indus- activities. Karl Groos and .T. .Mark Baldwin, on tries are imitative of the actions of creatures the other hand, contend that play is prophetic of respected or feared by reason of strength, swift- the occupations of later life : and in this view the ness, or cunning; later the industrial operations arts would seem to, lie at the threshold of human are largely guided hy divination and custom ; action and form a prelude to industries, laws, the third stage opens when the possession of languages, and practical ideas. Groos's marshal- conscious knowledge enables the worker to verify ing of the facts is convincing; yet it remains novel observations and seize chance opportuni- true that while playful acts may be prophetic so ties; while the final stage is that of invention, far as the individual or group is concerned, the in which experiences are combined as a basis for lines of action are determined by habit and bodily provision. In language the initial efiVirls direct function and even organic structure, tlicmselves or attract attention by means of vocal signals, the product of ancestral exercise; so that in the and later these are multiplied by means of in- last analysis play and its correlatives must be • flectional and other mutations tending to cluster regarded as both the prophecy and the fulfillment about radicals; then follows the stage of ar- of faculty. bitrary conventions fixed by writing and print- The simple and aimless play of individuals and ing. which is succeeded by the interchange and groups is common to man and various lower ani- purposive assimilation of linguistic elements inals, and need not be considered in detail; ■ naturally attending the increasing contacts and though it is to be noted that play is commonly growing originality of later times. The domain mimetic, and also that the play instinct is an
