MANDATE. 788 MANDEVILLE. MANDATE (from Lat. maiidatum, command, from iiuiinlarc, to commami, from manus, hand + dore, to give). (1) In law, an undertaking by virtue of which one becomes the gratuitou.s ayent of another. The term is derived from the Roman law, under which the manchite was the first fotm of agency recognized. {■2) The term mandate is also applied to a bailment made for the sole benefit of the bailor. See Bailme.nt. Consult the autliorities referred to under the titles Age.nt; Bailment. (3) In the law of procedure the term mandate is loosely applied to any judicial command. MANDATTE, man-dou'c. A town of Cebfl, Philipjiincs. It is situated on the eastern coast of the island, near the north entrance to Cebfi Channel, and four miles northeast of the town of Cebu (Map: Philippine Islands. J 0). Popula- tion, in 181)(i, 10,55«. MANDAYA, man-dii'ya. A wild Malay peo- ple in sonthcasU'in Mindanao. See PniLiri'iNE l.SLANDS. MANDEL, man'del, Eduard (1810-82). A distinguished German engraver, born in Berlin, where he studied at the Academy un<U'r ilare and Buchhorn. The success of his first important plate, after Ilildebrandt's "The Warrior and His Child" (1835). brought him the commission from the Prussian Art Union to engrave "Lore- ley" after Begas, and in 1837 his election to the Academy. He completed his .studies in Paris (1839-40) under Henriqucl-Dupont. and in 1842 was appointed professor at the school of engrav- ing coimected with the Berlin Academy. He was one of the chief masters of modern engraving and the most eminent representative, during the nineteenth century, of pure line engraving in Germany, unequaled as regards correct draw- ing, minute exactness in reiiroducing the style of the original, and plastic vigor. His most ad- mired plates include: "Van Ih-ck's Portrait of Himself" (1841) : "Titian's Portrait of Himself" (1843) ; "The Great Elector" (1840); Raphael's "Madonna Colonna" (18,5.5) and "Madonna della Sedia" (1805); "La Bella di Tiziano" (1808): but above all Raphael's "Madonna di San Sisto," the crowning effort of his life, completed shortly before his death and incomparably superior to the best previous reproductions of that master's ■work. Consult Pietseh. Eduard Handel iind seine Wrric (Berlin. 1883). MANDELGREN, miiu'del-gren. KiLs Mans- sox (1813—). A Swedish critic, born at Ingel- triide (Skaane). He was a student at Stock- holm and Copenhagen, and afterwards obtained a pension from the nnvernmeiit for his archaeologi- cal services (1873). In 1851 he went to Paris and there wrote his Monnmnifs .icnndinavcs du moyen-age (1855-G2). He did much to encourage industrial art in Sweden and assisted in the foundation of the Swedish Society of Industrial Arts (1844), His other writings include .S'om- Ihifjer till svenska konst- och odlinnshisforian (1800). MANDER, man'der, Karl van (1548-1606). A Dutcli painter and author, born in Meulebeke, in Flanders, of a noble family. He was well educated, studied art and poetry under Lucas de Heere in Ghent, and painting" with erick in Courtray, and spent three or four years ( 1573-77) in Italy, mainly at Rome, working with Spran- ger. At Amsterdam he established with Golt- zius an art school, of which Franz Hals was the most famous pupil, and he became head of a circle of poets. His literary activity almost en- tirely overshadowed his paintings, which are scarce, artificial, and of no great excellence. Among them are a "Deluge," at Sehleissheini ; "Portrait of a Man," in Vienna; and possibly "Juda and Tamar," in Brunswick. His original poetry was printed in lo'JT under the title De gulden harp. He translated Vergil's Bueolics and Georgies (1507), and, from the French, twelve books of the 7/md (1611), But his most important work was Hei schilderboek (1004), a biographical lexicon of painters, practically the sole authority for Flemish art from 1300 to 1004, A French version was printed in Paris (1885). Consult Plettinck, iStiidien over Karcl ran Maiider (Ghent; 2d ed. 1887), MAN'DERSON, Charles Frederick (1837 — ). An American soldier and politician, born in Philadelphia. He removed in 1850 to Canton, Ohio, where, in 1859. he was admitted to the liar, and at the outbreak of the Civil War en- listed as a private in the Federal Army. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general of volun- teers, and resigned in April, 1805, because of his wounds. In 1809 he removed to Omaha, Xeb., and was for six years city attorney; was a mem- ber of the constitutional convention in 1871, and again in 1874, and of the United States Senate as a Republican from 1883 till 1895. He was president pro tern, of the Senate for the Fifty- first and the Fifty-second Congresses (1891-95). In 1900-01 he was president of the American Bar Association. MANDEVILLE, mfin'dc-vil, Bernard (1070?- 1733). Author of the Fable of the Bees, born in Dort (or Dordrecht), Holland, about 1070. In .a thesis maintained at Leyden. JIarch 23, 1089, and entitled "De Brutorum Operationibus," he argued that brutes act automatically — a theory of Descartes and of the older theology. Having taken his degree in medicine at Leyden, he set- tled in London as a physician. Never gaining much practice, he received, it is said, a pension from Dutch merchants. He died in London, .January 21, 1733. His famous book, a dog- gerel pamphlet, first appeared under the title The G^runibling Hives, or Knaves Turned Honest (1705). It was republished in 1714, with the title The Fable of the Bees, or Private Tiees Publie Benefits. A second edition with additions (1723) was presented as a nuisance by the grand jury of Middlesex. A second part appeared in 1728. Mandcville attempted to prove, perhaps with irony, that 'private vices are public benefits :' that waste, luxury, and profligacy are good things for a State. His audacious thesis led to a sharp controversy, in which Bishop Berkeley took a hand {Alciphron. 1732). Among Mandevillc's other works are: Esop Dressed, or a Collection of Fables Writ in Familiar Terse (1704) ; Free Thoughts on Religion (1720) : and An Enquiry Into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725). MANDEVILLE, The Travels of Sir .Tonx. The title of a famous itinerary and collection of marvels, composed in the third quarter of the fourteenth century. The book opens and closes W'ith delightful fragments of an apocryphal auto- biography. The author claims to be one .John Mandeville, bom at Saint Albans, who crossed
