MANIN. 803 MANIS. civic guard and the expulsion of the Austrian.? from the Arsenal were Jlanin's first public meas- ures. At the same time he prevented the mob from murdering their former oppressors. JIanin devoted himself energetically to the organization of the inhabitants for self-defense. For a short time he had to give way to more radical leaders, but was soon recalled. During the invasion of Lc.imbardj' by Charles Albert of Sardinia, Manin laid down his authority; but on the defeat of the -Sardinian army at Xovara, March 23, 1S49, lie resumed power, and was the animating spirit lit Venice during the heroic defense of the city inr four months against the besieging Austrian army. On August 23d Venice capitulated; but ^lanin, with fortj' of the principal citizens, being excluded from the amnesty, quitted the city. He retired to Paris, where he taught his native lan- guage, declining innumerable offers of aid. He died of lieart disease in Paris. September 22, 1857. llanin's public career was one of com- plete unselfishness. Believing as strongly as ilazzini in a republic, he was yet wise enough to see Italy's need, and from his exile in Paris he urged upon his compatriots cooperation with the Sardinian monarchy in eflfecting the union of Italy. Consult: Martin, Daniel Maytin and Ven- ire in lS-/i8-49 (trans, from the French, London, 1862) ; Rovani, "'Di Daniele Manin mcmoria storica,"- in Doeumenti della (juerra santa d'ltalia, vol. iii. (Capolago, 1850) ; Eeuchlin, "Daniel Manin," in Historisches Taschenhuch, vol. xxxii. (Leipzig, 1861) ; Vollo, Daniele Manin (Turin, 1860) ; Castille, "Manin," in Portraits politiques au dix-neuvieme siecle (Paris, 1856). See Italy; Venice. MANIOC (Manihot vtilissima). A South American plant, of the natural order Euphorbia- ceie. Its starchy underground stems are used to make tapioca. See Cassava. MANIPLE (OF. maniph. Ft. manipule, from Lat. manipulus. handful). (1) A narrow strip of silk worn on the left arm by the sacred min- isters in a solemn mass. Originally it was a mere linen handkerchief, but since the eleventh century it has been made of the same material and color as the chasuble. When a bishop cele- brates mass pontifically he assumes the maniple only at the Confiteor ; otherwise it is put on in the sacristy with the other vestments. See Cos- tume, Ecclesiastical. (2) In the Roman military organization the legion (q.v.) was di- vided into thirty maniples, each commanded by a centurion, and consisting of about 100 men in the case of the regular infantry and 40 men among the velites, or light armed skirmish- ers. MANIPUB, ma'ne-poor'. A native State of Northeastern India, situated between Assam and Upper Burma, and called by the Burmese Cas- say or Kathe (Map: Burma. B 1). Its area is estimated at 8300 s(|uare miles. It consists chiefly of a deep valley amid the surrounding mountains. The industries are purely agiicul- tural, the chief products being tea, cotton, rice, tobacco, opium and indigo. The State is admin- istered by a raja, but has been a political de- pendency of Assam since 1825. In 1801, during the disputed succession to the throne, the Brit- ish Commissioner. Resident, and several officers were treacherously murdered; a punitive ex- jiedition hanged the ringleaders, settled the suc- cession, and resumed the administration under British supervision. Population, in 1881, 221,- 070; in 1901, 283,957, chiefly Hindus. Capital, Manipur. The natives of ilanipur consist of Manipuris proper, Xagas, and Kukis, all of whotu are by tradition assigned to a common ancestiy. The Manipuris call themselves Meithei, and since their conversion to Hinduism in the beginning of the eighteenth century they claim a Hindu origin. They are of the Mongoloid type of fea- ture and do not resemble the Aryan or Aryanized peoples of Hindustan. Their language is closely allied to the Chin, Lushai, and Kuki tongues. Among the Meithei clan worship of tribal deities and peculiar rain ceremonies prevail, and ancestor worship was probably once in vogue. Each tribe seems to have a rain rite of its own. The Kukis are still migratory, but the Xagas live in per- manent villages. Terrace cultivation with irriga- tion channels occurs in Manipur. The Xagas of Manipur and the mountains to the north are essentially Indonesians, and the Lushai of the south are Xagas mixed with Kyens and Burmese of Arakan. Consult: Grimwood, Three Years in ilanipur (London, 1891); Dalton. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (Calcutta, 1872) ; Reid,. Chin-Lushai Land (Calcutta, 1883). MANIPUR. The capital of the native State of Manipur (q.v.), on the Xamkathay River, 236- miles northwest of Mandalay (Map: Burma, B I). The town is encircled by a wall and is the centre of a populous district. An export trade is car- ried on in cattle, tea, and rice. Here in 1891 occurred the massacre of British officials, which led to a change of administration and the estab- lishment of a military cantonment. Population, in 1901, 67,093. MANIS (Neo-Lat., assumed sing, of Lat. manes, ghosts; so called from the animal's noc- turaal habits ) . The ordinary and generic name of the scaled anteaters or pangolins of the Old World edentate family Manidie. Seven species are recognized, all inhabiting the tropical parts of Asia or of Africa. In general structure, as- well as in habits, they resemble the American ant- eaters (q.v.), but are singular in having the bod}' covered with horny imbricated scales, be- tween which (except in the adults of the African- LONQ-TAILED SIAN'IS OR PAXGOLl.W forms) grow hairs; these scales are sharp-edged and are large upon the trunk and long terete tail, but small on the head, neck, and limbs, A common name is 'scaly anteater.' Their legs are short and strong, and their feet armed with powerful claws, with which they burrow, and in walking those of the fore feet are turned under. They feed, always at night, exclusively on ants and termites, which they procure by means of their long viscid tongue. All are able to roll
