MANITOBA. 806 MANITOBA. expenditure of the latter venr uas $4.58, which was very much in excess of that of the other provinces, excepting British Columbia. More than lialf of this was met by the Dominion sub- sidy (see Ca.nad.v), the rest being collected from the sale of jjrovincial lands, fees, licenses, and various other minor sources. After education, 'public works' constituted the largest item of ex- penditure (.$230,000). Of charitable institutions the province maintains in whole or in part four general hospitals, two children's homes and a home for incurables, a deaf and dumb institu- tion, a woman's home, and the Saint Boniface Orphanage. One of the five Dominion peniten- tiaries is located in the province. Rei.igiox. The Roman Catholic Church was first in the field, missions having been established among the Indians at a very earlj' day. Among the more recent colonists, however, the Protest- ants have greatly preponderated, the Catholics in 1001 numbering but one-sixth of the total popula- tion (35,(522). A Roman Catholic archbishop resides at Saint Boniface, and the see-house of the Anglican Lord Bishop of Rupert's Land is at Winnipeg. Of the Protestants, the Presby- terians (G5,310), Episcopalians (44.874) , lletho- dists (49,909), Baptists (9098), Lutherans (10.473). and Mcnnonites (15,222) are the most important. There were 7998 Greek Catho- lics in 1901. Edicatiox. Originally the school system of Manitoba recognized a complete se|>aration of Catholic and Protestant schodls, but in 1890 the schools were made undenominational; the act making this provision was imsatisfactory to the Catholics, and was amended in 1807 so as to admit of religious instruction when demanded by the parents of a certain number of pupils, but which would not be obligatory upon the other pupils, nor lead to the establishment of separate scliools. In 1901 the school population numbered 63,881, of which 51.888 were enrolled in the public schools and 27.550 were in average attend- ance. In the same year there were 1009 teachers, of whom 018 were males. The expenditure ex- ceeds $20.00 per enrolled child, more than one- half of which is raised by municipal ta.xes. The province maintains a high school at each of the largest towns and a normal school at Winni- peg. The provincial university has no teaching faculty, but examines and graduates students from the various denominational colleges. There are four such colleges at Winnipeg, maintained by Episcopalians. Roman Catholics, Presbyteri- an.s, and ilethodists. Population. The population of Manitoba has been acquired almost wholly since 1870. In that year there were only 2000 whites in the province and an Indian half-breed population of about 10.000. In 1S81 the population had in- creased to 02,200, in 1S91 to 152.g0(i. and in 1901 to 254,947. In 1901 the foreign born popula- tion numbered 73.720, the leading nationalities represented being: English, 20.392: Austrians, 11.570: Russians and Poles, 8854: Scotch, 8099; Icelanders. 5403 ; Irish. 4537. The Cnited States at that date had contributed 6922. but this num- ber was greatly augmented in the period imme- diately following. There were still 5827 Indians in 1901. and there were 10.372 half-breeds. Win- nipeg had in 1901 a population of 42,340; Bran- don, 5380; Portage la Prairie. 3901; West Sel- kirk, 2188; and Boniface, 2019. Hlstobv. In 1811 the Earl of Selkirk, a mem- ber of the Hudson's Bay Company, attracted by the fertility of the soil on the banks of the Red River, obtained from the company a grant of a large tract of land on both banks of the river, extending some distance within the present fron- tier of the L'nited States. The following year he brought out a number of settlers from the High- lands of Scotland. The right of the Hudson's Bay Company to grant this land was, however, disputed by the Northwest Companj'; and when the settlers conunenced to build, they were driven off by the servants of the Northwest Compan}-. Hostilities continued between the servants of the two companies for several years, and in 1810 there was a pitched battle between them. The Earl of Selkirk, arriving soon after, found his set- tlers scattered; but by his energetic measures, and by help of 100 disbanded soldiers from Europe whom he had brought with him, he se- cured for his old and new ]>rotegi's a peaceful settlement. They established themselves near Fort Garry, and in 1817 the Earl olrtained from the Indians a transfer of their right to the land two miles back from the Red River on both sides. Still the settlers had .some ditCcul- ties to overcome, especially from visitations of grasshoppers. These were gradually .surmount- ed; but the population, including now a large number of half-breeds, remained very isolated, having little communication with the outside world. In the year 1869 the Hudson's Bay Company surrendered all their claims to the Northwest Territories to the British Government, which in the following year transferred that region to Canada. While the proposed transfer to the British Crown of the Hudson's Bay Company was pending, this portion of their dominions was the scene of considerable contention and violence. The French-speaking population, led by Louis Riel, a half-breed, organized a force, imprisoned their English and Scotch opponents, seized Fort Garrv, established a provisional government, robbed the strong box. and dictated terms to the (Jovernor of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which he had to submit. A military force arrived in the province in .July. 1870. and" Riel. fearing cap- ture, fled, upon which the insurrection collapsed; but. returning, he incited a second uprising (1885), which was soon suppressed, and Riel, being captured, was hanged. In 1870 that por- tion of the Red River district between longitude 90° and 99° W. and latitude 49° and 50° 30' N. was organized as the Province of Manitoba, and its admission to the Confederation took place in .July of the same year. The boundaries were subsequentlj' greatly extended. BiBLiocRAPHT. Hind. Xarratire of the Cana- dian Exploring Expedition of ISof-SS (London, 1800) ; Gcologicnl and Xatuial Ilislon/ Hurvey of Canada Annual Reports (Montreal. 1872 et seq.) ; Begg, Great Canadian Xorthireft (Mon- treal, 1881); Macoun, Manitoba and the Great Xorthuest (Guelph, 1882) ; Bryce, .Uo»ii/o5(7 (London. 1882) ; id., "History and Condition of Education in the Province of Manitoba." in Pro- ceedings of the British Assneiation for the Ad- vancement of Science: Canadian Economics (Montreal. 1885) ; Kingsford. History of Canada (London, 1887-98) : Legge, Sunni/ Manitoha, lis Peoples and Its Industries (London, 1893).
