MARSHALL. 101 MARSHALL. 1879 became professor of zoulogy at Owens Col- lege, Manchester. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 188.5, a councilor of the same in 1891-92, and picsidod over a section of the Brit- ish Association in 1892, hut he was particularly distinguished as a teacher and organizer. He started the biological classes at Victoria Univer- sity, and contributed much to scientific knnwl- ed;,'e of cnibrx'olo^X' in his tcclinical publicalions, which include papers for the Quartcrhj Juurnal of Microscopical Hcience, and separate memoirs ujion The Segmental Value of the Cranial Nerves (1882); The Fnxj (1882; 7th ed. 1900); and Vertebrate Emhri/oloi/i/ (189.3). He lost his life in the Alps. His Biological Essays and Ad- dresses were collected and pul)lished posthumous- ly in 1894j as well as his memoir upon The Dar- irininn Theory. MARSHALL, Emma (1832-99). An English novelist, born near Cromer, in Norfolk, England, the youngest daughter of Simon Martin, a Nor- wich banker. She was educated in .a private school at Norwich. In 1854 she married Hugh Graham Marshall, and thereafter lived an un- eventful life at Wells, Exeter, Gloucester, and Bristol. She died at Clifton, May 4, 1899. Be- ginning with Edith Prescott (18G3), she produced during her long career more than a hundred vol- mncs of tales, mostly for the young. Especially popular were those in which appeared well-known liistorical characters, a.s Sir Philip Sidney and Sir Thomas Browne. Among her latest novels were: In Colston's Days, a Storti of Old Bristol (1883) ;, The Toner on the Cliff ( i88(i) ; Penshurst Castle, in the Time of Sir Philip Sidney (1893) ; In the Choir of Westminister Ahhey in the Time of Henry PnrceU (1897) ; and Under the Dome of Saint Paul's in the Time of Christopher Wren (1S9S). She also wrote verse. MARSHALL, Francis Alrekt (1840-89). An English playwright, born in London, Novem- ber, 1840. lie was educated at Harrow and stud- ied at Exeter College, Oxford, but left without a degree. He became a clerk in the audit office of Somerset House, and began writing for news- papers and periodicals. In 1868 he resigned his post and subsequently joined the staff of the Lon- don Figaro as dramatic critic. He was already known for his comedies and farces: Mad as a Halter (1863) ; Corrupt Practices (1870), which were followed bv Q. E. D.. or All u Mistake (1871) ; False Shame (1872) ; Brighton (1874) ; J.ula (ISSli. a comic opera; and several others. For Henry Irving he made a version of Werner (1887). He was general editor of the Henry Irving Edition of Shakespeare (1888-90). and had earlier published A Study of Hamlet (1875) and Henry Irving, Actor and Manager (1883). MARSHALL, HuMrnREV (17.56-1841). An American politician, cousin of Chief .Justice .John Marshall, born in Westmoreland County, Va. He received very little schooling, entered the Conti- nental Army during the Revolution, and attained the rank of captain. Before the close of the war he removed to Kentucky, and he settled in 1780 near Lexington, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention held at Danville to consider the question of separating Kentucky from Virginia, and strongly opposed that project. He soon be- came kno%vn as one of the strongest Federalist leaders in the Kentucky region. In 1788 he was a delegate to the Virginia convention that ratified the Constitution. He had an inborn dislike for Wilkinson, whom he seems to have suspected from the first, and for a decade or more occupied the position of a sort of 'watch-dog* of Federal interests in Kentucky and was active in oppos- ing and exposing the numerous S])anish intrigues, and plans for attacking the Spanish or French at New Orleans. He opposed the plan of George Rogers Clark for an expedition against the Span- iards in 1793, declaring it was a part of the scheme of Genet (q.v. ), and would only have the effect of embroiling the country with a friendly Power. From 1795 to 1801 he was a United States Senator from Kentucky. His let- ters to the Western World signed 'Observer,' in which he clearly pointed out the existence of the Burr conspiracy (q.v.) , led to Federal action and the thwarting of Burr's plans of empire. While a member of the State Legislature in 1809 he fought a duel with Henry Clay in which both were woimded. He published a History of Ken- tucky (1812; enlarged. 1824), which is in re- ality a curious and partisan piece of autobiog- raphy, but contains much of value in regard to early politics in the West. MARSHALL, Humphrey (1812-72). An American soldier and politician, born at Frank- fort, Ky. He graduated at West Point in 1832, but resigned from the army the next .year. He studied law and practiced in Louisville, where he took much interest in the State militia. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he entered as col- onel of a Kentucky cavalry regiment and led the charge at Buena Vista. He was a member of the United States Hou.se of Representatives in 1849 and was reelected in 1851, but resigned in 1852 and accepted the post of Commissioner to China. He retired in 1854. and the next year again en- tered the House of Representatives, on the American ticket, and served until 185S. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the Con- federate Army as brig.adier-general and com- manded in eastern Kentucky. He resigned from the army to practice law in Richmond, but was elected one of Kentucky's representatives in the Confederate Congress, and was afterwai'ds re- elected. After the war he resumed the practice of law in Louisville. MARSHALL, Humphrey (1722-1801). An Amcrieau Ijutanist, born in West Bradford (Mar- shallton). Pa. He learned the trade of a stone- mason, but about 1748 turned to farming, and began to cultivate his scientific tastes, which he had ample means of gratifying through the ac- quisition of property in 1767, and six years after- wards he was instrumental in the formation of the botanic gardens at Marshallton. He held several local offices, was made a member of the American Philosophical Society (1780). and published Arhoretum Americanum {l~S5) , a cata- logue of the trees and shrubs of America, which was translated into French. MARSHALL, John (1755-1835). The most famous of American jurists, for thirty-four years Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was born September 24, 1755, in Fauquier County, Va. : studied imder a private tiitor; then attended an academy in Westmore- land County, and studied law until the outbreak of the Revolution, when he entered the army as a volunteer. He soon rose to the rank of first lieu-
