in philosophy, and afterwards in theology. In 1845 he was appointed preacher to the Dani-sh Court, and in 1854 elevated to the bishopric of Seeland, the highest dignity of the Danish Church. In this position, by his eminent scholar- ship, his catholic spirit, and his tireless activity, he exerted a powerful and beneficent inlluence. He died in Copenhagen, February 3, 1884. ilis works include: Mestcr Eckuit (1840), an essay on the mysticism of the Jliddle Ages; an OulUne of a System of Ethics (1841); Christian Dog- matics (1849; Eng. trans. 1860); a System of Vhristifin Ethics (1872; Eng. trans. 1873-82); Jakob liohme (1882); an autobiography (Ger. trans., Axis meiiiem. Lchcn. 1883-84). Consult also his correspondence with Dorner, Brief- ■tvechsel mit L. .1. Darner (1887). MAR'THA, (ler. pron. niiir'tii. An opera in four acts by Tlotow, with words by Friedrich Riese. produced at Vienna in 1847. The music is light and the opera has won wide popularity. AnicMi;.' the arias i^ Tlic Last AVsc of Summer. MAR'THA AND MATRY, of Bethany. Two sisters named in the Gospels of Luke and John as special friends of Jesus. At their home in Bethany, on the Mount of Olives, near Jerusa- lem, Jesus found a welcome on His visits to Jerusalem. Martha appears to have hien the elder, though Mary was the more appreciative of Jesus' teaching (cf. Luke x. 38-42). The re- gard in which .Jesus held the sisters was extended to their brother Lazarus (q.v. ), at whose death Jesus came to Bethany to comfort the sisters, not only by the raising of the dead one, hut by teaching concerning immortal life, which JIartha, however, found hard to grasji (John xi.). A few days before the crucifixion .Tesus was a guest at a meal in the home of Simon of Bethany, a leper, at which Martha assisted, and which Jlary made the occasion of anointing .Jesus with the contents of a box of most precious ointment — a symbol of her regard graciouslv accepted bv .Tesus (Matt. x.wi. 0-13; Mark xiv. 3-0: John'xii. 1-8). The attempts to identify this anointing with that referred to in Luke vii. 3fl-50 cannot be pro- nounced successful. Xotbing more is known of the sisters. Mediaeval legend confounded ^lary with Mary Magdalene, ami asserted that she la- bored and (lii'd in Siiutlicin France.
MARTHA'S VINEYARD. An island off the sduthern coast of Massachusetts, of which State it furnis, with one or two minor islets, the county of Dukes (Alan: ^lassachusetts. F 5). It is 20 miles long and 10 miles in greatest width, and is .sepaiatcd from the mainland by Vineyard Sound, 4 to fi miles wide. The island is rather level, and to a large extent covered with low for- ests presenting a remarkable variety of llora. The southern coast has shallow lagoons and sand bars, while on the north side the coast consists of bluffs atwiiit 30 feet high, and to the west termi- nates in the bolil headland Gay Head. 200 feet high, ami surmounted by a lighthouse. The island is a much frcipiented summer resort, and is noted for its large annual camp meetings. The principal town and the county seat is Edgartown. The population in ISOO was" 43fin. and in 1000 45(11. Tile inland was di^eoveied and named by Bartholomew flnsnohl in tliOJ. Its Indian in- habitants were all eonvertcil to Christianlt v. and were loyal to the whites during King Philip's War. During the Bevolution the island was plundered by the British. MARTI, mar'te, Josk Jlxiax (1853-95). A Cuban patriot, born in Havana. As a youth he woiked iu the quarries, but he was afterwards able to go to Spain, where he studied law. The independence of Cuba had been his dream for many years, and he was twice imprisoned for his radical views on the subject. He was professor of literature and philosophy in the University of Guatemala for a time, and represented the Argen- tine Kepublic, Uruguay, and Paraguay as consul in New York City. There he published La I'alria, a journal devoted to Cuban interests. His writ- ings include a translation of Helen Jack- son's Ifamona (1888). At the end of the year 1804. ^larti, with some friends from the United States, armed and manned three vessels and sailed for Cuba, but they were cajitured at ]'"cr- nandina. Fla. On another expedition in 1S1I5. he succeeded in landing at Cabonico, and marched inland with Gomez. Marti himself had in- tended to return abroad, but the army was at- tacked by the Spaniards at Dos Rios, and he was shot.
MARTIAL, miir'shal (JLvRCUS VAT.nmrs ilAiiiiALis ) . The first of Rom.an epigram- matists. He was born at Bilbilis. in Spain, ilarch 1, A,D. 38-42; the exact year is in doubt. In 01 he came to Piome. where lie resided till OS. when he returned to his native town. Here he fnuri.l many good friends and patrons, and a higlily cultivated lady named Maicella made him : present of a small estate, where he passed in re pose the following years until his death, which occurred not later than a.d. 104. While at Rome ilartial became famous as a wit and i)oet, and re- ceived the patronace of the emperors Titus and Domitian. He lived in a sort of precarious af- lluence in a mansion in the city, and in Momen- tum, a suburban villa, to both of which he makes frequent reference. From Kome his reputation rapidly extended to the provinces; and eveii in Britain his Epigram mata. which, divided into fourteen books, now form his extant works, were familiarly read. These books, which were ar- ranged by himself fnr publication, were written in the follow'in? order: The first eleven, including the Eitier de Spectaciilis. were composed at Rome, with the exception of the third, which was writ- ten during a tour in Gallia Togata: the twelfth was written at Bilbilis. and the thirteenth and fourteenth at Rome, under Domitian. The last two. entitled Xcnia and A]><>phorcln. describe in distichs the various kinds of souvenirs presented by the Romans to each other on holidays. To the other books we are also indebted for much of our knowledge of the manners and customs which ])re- vailed under the Empire from Xero to Trajan. His works have also a great literary value, as embodying the first specimens of what we now understand by epigi-am — not a mere inscrip- tion, but a poem of two or more lines, con- taining the terms of an antithesis, which ends with a witty or ingenious turn of thought. The wonderful inventiveness and facility displayed by Martial in this species of composition have al- ways received the hiuhest admiration, only quali- fied by his disgusting grossness. The best edition of Martial is that of Friedliinder (2 vols., Leip- zig, 18S0) : a handy text eililion is that nf Gil- bert (Leipzig. ISSfil. He has never found an adequate translator, but a collection of transla- tions in prose and verse will be found in Bohn's "Classical Librarv."
