MARTIN. 114 MARTIN. fertile invention anil pronounced originality. His best work is liis illuslration.s to Milton. MARTIN, Josi.ii (1737-80). An Knglish Colcinial Governor, born probably in the West Indies. Ue entered the British army in 17.50, was promoted to be major in 17()1, and later be- came lieutenant-colonel, lie sold his conunission in lYO!), and in 1771 was appointed Governor of North Carolina to succeed William Tryon, who was transferred to New York. At first his frank- ness and honesty favorably impressed the people, but his stubbornness and his high opinion of the royal prerogative and of his own importance soon caused opposition. He atlemi)tod to pre- vent the colony from sending delegates to the Continental Congress of 1774. but a Provincial Congress met and elected delegates in defiance of his protest. This seems to have been the first legislative body in America to meet without royal authority. After the battle of Lexington he was practically a j)risoner in the palace at Newbern. Martin fled to Wilmington ami then to Fort .Johnston, on the Cape Fear River. On .luly 18, 1775. he took refuge in the British sloop- of-war Cruiser and attempted to administer the government from there until the ne.xt year. He accompanied the British fleet to Cliarlcston in 1771). and was with Cornwallis in 1780-81. After- wards he went to New York and from there to Londnn. MARTIN, miir'ten, K.rl (1851—). A Ger- man geologist, born in Oldenljurg. He studied at Giittingen, where, in 1874. he became assistant in the geological museum: and after a year's teach- ing at Wismar in iMecklcnburg was chosen pro- fessor of geology at Leyden. In 1878 he was appointed director of the geological museum of I>eyden; and in 1882 became a member of the Philadelphia .Academy of Natural Sciences. He wrote, besides eontriliutions to periodicals on the geology of the Netherlands and of the East In- dies: Xiederliindische iind nordircxtdriilsche .SVdi- mentiirgeHchiehc (1878); Tertuirschidtlen uuf Java (1879-80); lieiseii in den Molithhcn, in Ambon, den Vliassern, Soan und lUini (1804), and. with Becker, Geology of the Philippine Isl- ands (l!t01). MARTIN, KoN-BAD (1812-70). A German Catliidic theologian. Bishop of Paderborn. He was born at Geismar; studied at Halle. Munich, and Viirzburg; took orders in IS.'iO: and taught in Cologne and Bonn. He was a|)pointcd to the see of Paderborn in 1850. and showed great dili- gence in advancing Catholic edncation;il and charitable institutions. .Martin was a memlier of the ^■:ltican Council of 1S70: urged the dogma of infallibility: and pulilicly defended it. His opposilion to the (lovcrnment at the l>egin- ning of the KuUurkampf (q.v.) was so violent that he was iniprisoneil for a year, and in 1 875 fled to Belgium, where he died. He wrote various Catholic maiuials: Dm flriri.inrns- frnijrn iiber die Maigrxclre (1874): Prri Jnhre nii.s mvinem l.rhrn "(1877: .Id ed. 1878): and ItlirUr ins Jcnsrits (1878). Con»ilt the biog- raphy by Stanun (Paderborn, 1802). MAR'TIN, L.vnv. See Faicit. Helen. MARTIN, niiir'ti-iN', T.ori.s AiMfi (178(51847). A French writer, born in Paris. In 1815 he was appointed secretary of the Chamber of neputies, and not long afterwards became professor of lit- erature and ethics in the Ecole Polytechnique. In 18.31 he became keejjcr of the library of Sainte Genevifeve. He published Lettres A Sophie sur le physique, la chimie, et I'histoire nnlunlle (1810), in prose and verse. His most valual)le work was Education des families (1834). con- tending that to improve mankind women must be educated so that they may be able to rear men of virtue. He was the disciple and friend of Ber- nardin de Saint-Pierre, whose widow he married. MARTIN, mlir'ten, Ll'l.s ( 1846—) . A Spani.sh .Tesuif. twenty-fourth general of the Order. Hewas born in Jlelgar, near Burgos, entered the Society of Jesus wlien eighteen, studied at Poyanne in France, where he entered the priesthood, and in 1877 became rector of the Iniversity of Sala- manca, where he made a national reputation as a theologian. In 1801, he became assistant of the Order in Spain, and in 18!)2, after the death of Anderledy, and on his reconnnendation, Martin was chosen general, removing to the ollicial hea<l- quarters at Piesole. MAR'TIN, Luther (1744-1820). An Ameri- can lawyer and political leader, born in New Brunswick, N. J. He graduated at Princeton in 1702; taught school in (,>ucenslown, Md. ; studiecl law; was admitted to the bar in 1771; and |irac- ticed in both ^laryland and Virginia. In 1774 he was a member of the Annapolis convention that |>rotested against the arbitrary acts of the Crown, and throughotit the Revolution ho con- tinued active on the Patriot side. In 1778 he was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 at Philadelphia; steadfastly contended there against the establishment of a strong national gi>v- ermnent : finally left the convention altogether: and sid>sequently strongly opposed the ratification of the Con.stitution by .Maryland. By his ojipo^i- tion to the Constitution he earned the sobriiput of 'The Federal BullDog.' In 1S04 he defoniled Judge Chase (q.v.) in the impeachment proceed- ings before the United States Senate, and in 1807 was counsel for .aron Burr (q.v.). From ISl 4 to 1810 he was Chief .lustice of the Court of Ov< r and Terminer in Baltimore, and in 1818 was again made Attorney-General. He was stricken with paralysis in 1820, and. largely owing to poverty, lived thereafter at the home of Aanm Burr in New Y'ork. He published .1 Defence of Captain Cresap; Genuine Information Delircnd to the Legislature of the State of Maryland Ri In- live to the Proceedings of the General Conven- tion Latch/ Held at Philadelphia (1788); and Modern Gratitude (1801-02). Consult Goddard, Luther Martin, the Federal Hull-Dog (Baltimore, 1887). MARTIN, RonERT Montoomery (c.l803-0S). An Knglish statistician, horn in Ireland. In 1820- .30 he traveled in Ceylon, .frica. and India, ami in 1834 published his valmible History of thr British Colonics. He prepared for the press tin- papers of the Duke of Wellington, and in ISlo founded the Colonial Magazine, which for two years he edited. His further works include: Political. Commercial, and Financial Condilinn of the . glo-ICastern Empire (1832) ; History of the Antiquities of Faslern India ( 1838) ; and Tlir .Statistics of the British Colonies (1830). MARTIN, Sir Tiieodore (1816—). An Eng- lish author. He was born in Edinburgh, and was educated nt the high school and university of that city. In 1848 he became a Parliamentary
