MICHAEL. 431 MICHAXTD. fmniatiou of aroiiiatic oulpliones, in forming aklul frum elliyl alileliyile, iu the aetiun of alde- livilc's and aromatic o.aeids on phenols, and in new reactions with sodimu malouic ether. His «rilin{;s inclnde contributions to the Proceed- ings of the National Academy of .Science, to the AiKerifun Chemical Journul ("Synthesis of Heli- cin and Piienolfjlucosidc," 187'J; "on a- and 6- JIonol)ronicrotonie Acids," 1880) ; and to the Ucrivhte of tlio Deiitsclie Ghemisehe Gcsellscliaft ("Kinwirkung von wasserentziehenden ilitteln ant Saureanhydride," 1878; "Paraconiin," 1881). MICHAEL, Czar of Russia. See Eomaxoff. MICHAEL ANGELO. See ilicnELV.XGELO Bl UNAKIiOTI. MICHAEL ATTALIA'TA. A Byzantine jurist of the eleventh century. By command of Micliael Ducas, Emperor of the East, he publish- ed in 1073 a work entitled Woi-qixa pofxi.Kdi' iJToc TpayfiaTiKri, comprising a sj'stem of law. Though from its title it might be supposed a poem, ver- silied structure has not been detected in it. A Latin rendering by Leiuiclavius is to be found in vol. ii. of the compilation Jus Grwco-I'onianuni . MICHAELIS, me'Kaa'lis, Adolf (1835—). A German archaeologist. He was born at Kiel and studied at the university of his native town, in Berlin, and Leipzig. After 1862 he was professor of classical philology and archaeology at Greifs- wald, Thbingen, and Strassburg. In 1874 he be- came a member of the German Central Arehicolo- gical Institute in Eome, the history of which he published in 1879, Geschichle dcs deutsctien arch- aologischen Instituts zu Rom. Besides his critical edition of Tacitus's Dialogus do Oratorihus (1868), he published many archa-ological trea- tises, such as Dcr Parihcnon (1871); Ancient Marlilcs in (Ireut Britain (English translation by I'^enncU. ISS'i) ; Strassbiirgcr Antiken (1901)'; and prepared the sixth edition of Springer's Handhuch der Eunstgeschichte (vol. i., 1901). MICHAELIS, C.VROLINA. A German philolo- gist and literary critic, who married the Portu- guese author .Joaquim Antonio da Fonseca e Vas- concellos (q.v. ). MICHAELIS, Joii.xN Bayjd (1717-91). A German Iiildical scliolar. He was born on February 27, 1717, at Halle, where his father, Christian Benedict Jlichaolis, was professor. After completing his studies at the university of his native tow-n he traveled in Eng- land and Holland. In 1746 ho became professor of philosophy at Gottingen, and in 1750 professor of Oriental languages. From 1753 to 1770 he was one of the editors of the Gfittinger gcichrte AiKcigen, and for some years be filled the office of librarian to the university. He died at Giit- tingcn. AugTist 22, 1791. Jlichaelis may be re- garded as among the earliest of the critical school of German theologians. Plis chief works are his nchriiixchc dramniatik (1778) ; Einlcitung in die giittUchcn ffchriften des neuen Bundes (4th ed., GJlttingen. 17SS: Eng. trans.. Introduction to the New Tcxiamcnt. London. 1S23) ; Mosaisches Iferht (2d ed., 1776-80; Eng. trans.. Com- mrnfnrics on the T.nirs of ^rosef:. 1810-1814) ; Mornl (1702-1823) ; Oricnfalisrhr und c.rcgrtischn Hihlinlhck (1786-93). Consult his Lehenahc- sehreihiing ron ihm selh.tt abgefiifi.it. ed. by Has- sencamp (Rinteln, 1793), and his letters (Leip- zig, 1794-96). MICHAELIUS, me-Ku'li-us, Jo.N'AS (1577-?). The first clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church in Xew .Vmsterdam. He was born in North Holland. In 160U he entered the L^niver- sity of Leyden, and after his graduation became a country pastor. In 1024 he was appointed to Sao Salvador in Brazil, the ne.t year to a settle- ment in Guinea, ami in 1628, after a short visit to Holland, he .sailed for New Amsterdam. His ministrations there probably lasted until 1633, when he w^as succeeded by Everardus Bogardus (q.v.). A letter written by him in 1628, and now in the manuscrijrt collection of the New York Public Library, gives the only extant first-hand account of New Amsterdam as it then was. A translation of this letter appears in the Collec- tions of the New York Historical Society for 1880. MICHAELMAS, mikVl-mos (from ilichael + mass). The old English name of the day set apart in commemoration of Saint Michael' and the other angels, September 29. The observance of this day is commonly traced to an apparition of the archangel which is supposed to have taken place on Monte Gargano in Apulia in 493, or more probably in 520; but it is likely, for various reasons, that the festival is even older. This particular apparition is commemorated in the Roman Catholic Church on Jlay 8; the feast-day in September has a wider application, in the Eastern and Anglican Churches as well, and is intended to recall the benefits received through the ministry of angels. In England it has been for centuries an important date as a quarter-day and the beginning of legal and university terms. MICHAEL NIKOLAYEVITCH, mi'kel ne'- k6-la'ye-vich (1832—). Grand Duke of Russia, the fourth son of the Emperor Nicholas I. In the artillery branch of the army he Avas elevated to the rank of general. He was for some time Gov- ernor of the Caucasus, and in 1877 commanded the army which invaded Turkish Armenia. In 1881 he was made president of the Privy Council of State and commander-in-chief of the cavalry. MICHAEL OBKENOVITCH, 6-bren'6-vich (1823-68). Prince of Scrvia, born at Kragu- yevats, the younger son of Prince Milosh. After the death of his elder brother Milan in 1839, he was declared Prince of Servia by the Turkish Government. He soon made himself very unpopular by favoring the Russian policy, and the discontent of the Servian people was in- creased by his policy of arbitrary and heavy taxa- tion. A revolution broke out in 1842. and an act of the National Assembly expelled him and his family from the country. In 1858 he re- turned to Scrvia, together with his father, whom he again succeeded in the government in 1860. He was a man of great ability and seemed hon- estly desirous to do his best for the country. Ho was successful in effecting cardinal changes in the military organization, and freed the .Servian fortresses from Turkish garrisons. On June 10, 1868, he was shot by a follower of Prince Alex- ander Isarnaeorgevitcb. MICHAXTD, me-sh«', .TosEPn Fraxc^ois (1767- 1839). A French historian. He was born at .Mbens, Savoy, .Tune 19, 1767, He studied in the ecclesiastical college of Bourg, and in 1787 pulilished a work. Voyage au Mont Blanc, fol- lowed by other essays. In 1791 he went to Paris, where he embraced ' the teachings of
