MILITAIIY INSIGNIA. 492 MILITARY INSIGNIA. the Scottish thistle, the Cross of Saint Andrews, and manv others. The royal arms are borne by the Royal Engineers and the Royal Artillery, the ditTerenoe between them beint; in the mottoes. Quo Fas et (Jtoria diicuiit ami Ibiquc. With the latter motto is conjilcd an artillery frtm. As with Germany, the various branehes, arms, departments, etc., of the service are distinguished by their distinctive uniforms and not by any particular badge. In the mounted branehes, rougli riders (or young horsemen) are distinguished by a spur worn above the elbow on the sleeve of the tunic: farriers and shoeing smiths wear a horse- shoe. Expert swordsmen, and gjmnasium in- structors of all branches, wear the crosseil swords. Marksmen (sharpshooters) of all arms wear the crossed guns jjlaced immediately above the cuff of the tunic. Pioneers wear the crossed axes on the upper sleeve. Commissioned and non-commis- sioned ranks of the infantry wear the sash, which in the ease of ollicers is of silk ami is worn over the left shoulder, and with non-commissioned olli- cers is of worsted and worn over the right shoul- der. Scottish Higldand regiments are further distinguished l)y the dillerences in pattern of their clan tartans. See Uniforms, Milit.^kv. In the United States at the time of the Revolution the distinguishing characteristics of army ranks were largelv copied after French, Prussian, and English usages. General and stalF officers were distinguished by the color of their sash or 'ribband,' which was worn over the waistcoat and tinder the coat. Cockades were worn by all other commissioned ollicers, and the noncommissioned ollicers wi're distinguished by the color of their epaulet. On .Jiuie IS. 1780. a general order was pronuilgated authorizing the following insignia of rank and graile: Major- generals to wear two stars on each ejiaulct : brigadier-generals, one star; field officers w:ore two e[>aulets; captains, one epaulet on the right shoulder only: and lieutenants, one epaulet on the left shouhler. Other distinguishing marks were details of miiforni. In 17S2 the system of wearing stripes as badges of rank and service by the rank and file was instituted. Changes were frequent up to the Civil War, hul the in- signia since that time have remained substan- tially the same, the more important changes, partieularlv those of 1002, having had to do with tniifnrm and equipment rather than of insignia. Officers' insignia are as follows: (A) A coat of arms of the United States, made of gold or gilt metal, or dull finish bronze, worn on the cnlhir of the dress, service, or white coat, is plaicd at a distance of one inch from each end of the collar. When worn upon the dress or white uniform the coat of arms is of golil or gilt metal. When worn upon the service uniform it is of dull bronze metal, (B) The insignia of corps, department, or arm of service are as follows: .djutant-Generars De- partment, a shield of gidd or gilt metal: In- spector-General's Dc'p.irlnient. gold or gilt sword and fa-ees crosse<l and wre;ithed: .ludge .Vdvo- onte-t!encrars Department, sword and pen in gold or gilt metal, crossed and wreathed: (Jnarter- mnster's Department, sword and key crossed on a wheel, surmounted on a spread eagle, of gold or gilt metal, platinum and enamel; Suhsistenee Department, a silver crescent, one-half inch be- tween cusps, cusps to the rear; Pay Department, a diamiinil, threeqtiartcrs of an inch by one inch, in gold or gilt metal, placed with shorter diam- eter vertical; .Medical Department, a cadiiceus, of gold or gilt metal : Corps of Engineers, a silver turretcd castle; Ordnance Department, shell and llamc, of gold or gilt metal; Signal Corps, two crossed signal Hags and a burning torch, in gold and silver; ollicers of the Kecord and Pension Ollice, a silver trefoil within and partly upon a wreath of gold or gilt metal; professors and assistant professors of the United States Mili- tary Academy, shield and helmet surrounded by a scroll, in gold or gilt metal, according to pat- tern adopted : aides-de-camp, a device, one and one-third inches high, consisting of a shield of the United States, ot ]iroperly <Milored enamel three- fourths incli high and three-fourths inch wide at top, surmounted by a gold or gilt eagle, with wings displayed, on blue field of the shield a star or stars according to rank of the general on whose staff the officer is serving. This device is worn on the collar in lieu of corps or line device. The devices appropriate to the various arms of the service are as follows: Cavalry, two crossed sabres, one inch high, with number of regiment above intersection: of gold or gilt metal. .rtillery, two crossed cannons, design to l)e one inch high, of gold or gilt metal, with oval at inter.section having a scarlet centre; the red oval in the insignia for officers of coast ar- tillery exhibits an oblong i)rojectile in gilt out- line; for officers of field artijlery. a gilt wheel in outline. Infantry, two crossed rifles, design to be one inch high, with numU'r of regiment above intersection; of gold or gilt metal. Regi- mental stall' ofiicers, regimental adjutants, quar- t<'rmasters, commissaries, and squadron and bat- talion adjutants wear in the lower angles of their insignia the devices (of gold or gilt metal) of the res[)ective departments to which their duties corres])ond; the battalion adjutant ami ([uartermaster of engineer battalions wear the same devices above the centre turret, Cliaplains, the same as for regimental staff ofiicers, except that the pendant design is a Latin cross of the same material and size. The insignia of corps, department, or arm of service is placed upon the collar of the dress, service, and white coat at a distance of five-eighths of an inch from the coat of arms, and is of gold or g^ilt metal with the <lress or white tiniform and of dull bronze metal with the service imiform. (C) The insignia of rank is placed on the shoidder loops of the service coat and the white coat near the shoulder seam as follows: General and lieiitenant-gener:>l. such as they nia.v pre scribe: major-general, two silver stars; briga dier-general, one silver star: colonel, one silver spread-eagle: lieutenant-colonel, one silver leaf; major, two silver bars; captain, two silver bars: first-lieutenant, one silver bar. Braid Insignia of Rank. — Colonel, a single knot , composed of five strands of gold wire ln'aid not i exceeding one-eighth inch in wiillh is applied i to the sleeve of the full dress coat below the | elbow, the base resting on the gold hand of the sleeve: lieutenant-colonel, foir braids, single knot: major, three braids, single knot: captain, two braids, single knot : first lieutenant, one braid, single knot ; second lieutenant, without braid: chaplain, without braid. The outside dimensions of the braid insignia are the same for all officers, the diminution being made by taking strands from the interior.
