HILL. 506 ULTLL. and in moral and metaphysical philosophy. He was licensed to preach in 17'JS; but instead of following this career, he went to London in 1802, as tutor to Sir John Stuart's children, and there settled as a literary man. He Ijecame editor of the Literary JouriHil and wrote for various periodical.s. Not long after he .settled in London he made the acquaintance of Jeremy Bentham, who inllucnced him greatlj" in his views. In 180C he commenced his History of British India, which he carried on along with other literary work, and puhlislied in the win- ter of 1S17-18. This important work, though containing an attack upon the adniini.stralion of the East India Company, secured for him in 1819 the i)Ost of assistant examiner of Indian correspondence. Before his death he was ap- pointed liead of the examiner's office, where he iiad the control of all the departments of Indian administration — political, judicial, and financial — managed by the secret committee of the court of directors. He contributed many important articles to the EiicycloiXTdiu liritaiinica. These essays were printed in a separate form, and be- came widely known. In 1821-22 he published his Elemenls of Political Economy, a work pre- pared primarilv with a view to the education of his eldest soil, John Stuart Mill. In 1829 his magnum opus, the Analysis of the Human Mind, apjH'ared. The work is almost the Bible of as- sociationism. and deserves to be classed among the great English philosophical productions. He attempted to simplify associationism by recogniz- ing only one principle at work, that which was later called association by contiguity. (See As- .sociATlON OF Ideas.) This principle can so fuse various ideas and feelings that a result may be produced entirely diU'erent from the original ele- ment. This has been called "mental chemistry.' Mill made great use of mental chemistry in sup- port of the doctrine that morality is liased cm utility. (See I'tii.itakiamsxi.1 In this way he furni.shed a psychological basis for Bentham'.s ethical and legislative reforms. He took great interest in political questions and was a i)owerful advocate of an extended suffrage. Much of his influence was due to his strong personality and great conversational powers. In later life he en- tirely broke away from his early religious views and brought up his son .Tohn Stiart in utter reli- gious indilVercnce. lie took a le.-iding part in the founding of University College, London. He died at Kensington. .lune 2.3. 18.30. See Auto- biof/raphy of J. S. Mill (London. 1873) ; Bain, James Mill: A liioqrupUii (London, 1882) : Bower, .fames Mill and Hartlry ( ib.. 1881). All of these works^are cpiite popul.ir in character. MILL, .loiiN (104.5- 1707). . scholar of the Church of Kngland. He was born at Shap, Westmoreland; studied at Queen's College, Ox- ford, and was elected a fellnw in 1070. He en- tereil the ministry, and became distinguished as a preacher; became rector in lOSl nf the college living of Hletchington. Oxfordshire. :ind chap- Iain to Charles II. In KiS.") he was principal of Saint Edmund Hall; in 1704 he became pre- bendary of Canterbury. The work for which he is most distinguished is his new edition of the Greek Testament, on which he spent thirty years, and which appeared only fourtiM'n days before his death. It was undertaken at the ad- vice and expense of Pr. Fell, Bishop of Oxford, but after the Bishop's death (1080) Mill con- tinued it at his own expense, and repaid to the executors what he had received. The text which Mill adopted is that of Uobert Stephens of 1550, and his work contains :JO,000 various readings collected from manuscripts, commentaries, writ- ings of the Fathers, etc. Dr. Daniel Whitby at- tacked the work in his Examen Variantium l.rr- tionum Johannis Millii (London, 1709) : but Dr. Richard Bentley approved the labors of Mill, and Michaclis, Marsh, and other critical scholars ac- knowledged the value of the edition. MILL, John Stuart (1800-73). An English |)hilosopher. the son of James ilill. He was born in London. May 20. 1800, and was educated at home by bis f;ithcr. who. however, unwisely forced the child l)eyond his years. He is said to have begun Greek at three. He was never allowed to indulge in the plays of childhood. In 1 820 he went to France, where he lived for upward of a year, nuiking himself mas- ter of the French language, and occasionally attending public lectures on science, but also, now that he was away from his father, getting some physical exercise in fencing and like sports. This stay in France gave him an inten.se appre- ciation lor the pleasures of travel, and to the end of his days he was an ardent lover of moun- tain scenery. But the world of men had also its interest for him while he was abroad, for then he laid the foundation of bis great famil- iarity with and interest in the politics as well as the literature of the French nation. On bis re- turn he read law, history, and philosophy, and in 1823 entered the India House as a clerk in the examiner's ollice, where his father was assistant examiner. For thirty-three years be was in the service of this company, gradually rising till at last he was head of his department, as his father had been before him. hen the govern- ment of India was transferred to the Crown in 1858, he declined a seat at the New Indian Coun- cil, and retired from otlice in October of the same year, on a compensating allow;ince. At the general clcctinn of l,Stl5 Mill was returned to Parliament for Westminster, and till he lost his seat at the election of 1808 he act^d with the advanced Radicals, and urged the extension of suffrage to women. In 1851 he married Mrs. John Taylor, with whom he had maintained quite unconventional relations before her first husband's death. She die<l in 1859. but Mill's devotion to her memory was his religion till his death, which took jdace May 8. 1873. at Avignon, where he had s])ent the greater part of the last years of his life. Mill became an author at a very early age, and may be looked upon as one of the fore- most thinkers of his time. His first publica- tions consisted of articles in the ^yestminstrr Review. He took an active part in the political discussions that followed the revolution of 1830 in France and the reform-bill movement in Eng- land; and from 1835 to 1840 was editor and, along with Sir W. Molesworth. proprietor, of the Ijondfin and Westminster l!erien where many articles of his own appeared. His chief works are: A ffystem of Loflie, Ratiocinatire and In- duelive (1843); Principles nf Political Economy (1848); On lAherty (lS-'>9); Discussions and Dissertations (4 vols., 1859-74); Utilitarianism (1803) ; Comte and Posilirism and the E.raniina- tinn of flir ^Villiam Hamilton's Philosophy (1865) ; Inaugural Address at the University of
