MOHILEV. 675 MOHLER. gion of Poliessie uj.v. ) ami is l(iv and partly mar>liy. Tlic {.'uvt'iiiiiK'iit is well watered; the Dnieper and its tributary the Suzh are the ehief rivers, ilohilev has a moderate but rather damp climate, and in the low and marshy parts fever is prevalent. Agriculture, which is the principal in- dustry, is carried on by the most primitive meth- ods and famines are not infrequent. The live stock is of a very inferior breed. Gardening is carried on extensively in the vicinity of the towns. The forests, covering more tlian one-third of the total area, yield turpentine and charcoal and supply the material for the production of wood implements, wagons, etc., which are manu- factured on a small scale. In addition there are produced paper, spirits, oil. wire nails, flour, glass, matches, etc. The trade is largely in the hands of the .Jews. Population, in 1807. 1,708,- 041. Capital, ilohilev (q.v.). In early times the present province of Moliilev belonged to the Prin- cipality of .Smolensk. Annexed in the fourteenth century to Lithuania, it afterwards became part of the Polish monarchy and was annexed to Rus- sia at the first partition of Poland in 1772. MOHILEV. The capital of the Government of ^lohilev in West Russia, situated on both hanks of the Dnieper, 483 miles south of Saint I'.tersburg and 375 miles southwest of Moscow I Map: Russia, D 4). It lies in a picturesque region and has a ninnber of interesting buildings. The catliedral. in Greek style, whose cornerstone was laid in 17S0 by Catharine II. and the Ger- iii;in Kmpcror .Joseph II., the town hall (1679) with an octagonal tower, and the new theatre are noteworthy. There are also at Jlohilev some in- teresting monasteries, numerous churches of dif- ferent denominations, and a museum with note- worthy collections. The educational institutions iihlude two g^-mnasia. two theological seminaries, -' -eral special schools, a manual training school, and a pnlilic library. Moliilev produces largely leather, linseed oil. flour, and tobacco. A con- siderable part of its inhabitants are also en- L'lL^i'd in gardening and fishing. Population, in ls:i7. 43.106. including over 20.000 Jews. MOaiLEV. The capital of a district of the same name in the 'Russian Government of Po- dolia, situated on the Dniester, 89 miles east- southeast of Kamenetz- Podolsk (Jlap: Russia, I •>). The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in L'.irdeninsr and the transit trade in agricultural products and hunber with Gnlicia and Odessa. Papulation, in i897. 22.100. over one-half Jewish. MOHL, mOl, Hugo vox (180.5-72). A German botanist. He was born in Stuttgart ; studied medicine and natural scieuces at Tiibingen. and became professor of botany and director of the botanic garden there in 183.5. He made con- tributions of the utmost importance to vegetable physiology. He wrote; (Ini)i(ltii(ie der Anato- mir uiuj Pliijfiioloyic der vcfictnhiliachen ZcUe (1851). His Yrrmisclite l^chriftfii hotatiisclifn Jnlifilts (1845) contains a considerable nvunber of his most important monographs. MOHL, .Ti-Lirs vox (1800-761. A German Oriintalist. brother of the preceding. He was born at Stuttgart. October 28. 1800; studied Per- sian and Chinese at Tiibingen. Paris. London, and Oxford; was professor of Oriental literature in Tiibingen (1826-32) ; went to Paris and became professor of Persian at the Collfge de France in 1845: and in 1852 inspector of the Oriental de- l)artmenl of the n;itional printing oflice. He died at Paris, .laiuiary 4, 1876. His principal work in his edition of Firdausi's SliHh Xumiih (1831-08), of which he also made a complete French trans- lation, published after his death, Le livrc des rois truduit ct comnurntc (1876-78). He wrote also Dante et les origines dc In Uticrature itiiHenne. His wife, who was Miss Mary Clarke, njaintained for many years a salon frequented by the wits and scholars of her time. Consult Simpson, Let- ters find Recollections of Julius and Mary Mohl (1887). MOHL, Robert vox (1799-1875). A German jurist and statesman, brother of the preceding. He was boru in Stuttgart, studied law at Heidel- berg, Gottingen, and Tubingen, and in 1824, after publishing Das liundesstaatsrecht der Vereinig- ten Htauleii rem Xord-Ainerika, was made a professor at Tiibingen. But his attack on the political regime during his candidacy for the legislature in 1845 forced him from this chair and from the governtncntal eraifloy. Almost im- mediately afterwards he was elected to the Lower Chamber of Wiirttemberg, became professor at Heidelberg ( 1847 ) . and was a member of the Vor- parlameitt and of the National Assembly at Frank- fort. After acting for seven months as Minister of .Justice in the Imperial Ministry set up by the Frankfort Parliament he returned to his pro- fessorial duties in Heidelberg (1849), and from 1857 represented the university in the First Chamber of Baden. From 1861-06 he was repre- sentative of Baden at the German Bund at Frankfort, and during 1867-71 he was Ambassa- dor to Munich. A year before Mohl's death he was elected to the German Reichstag. Among his writings are: Utaalsrecht des Konigreichs Wiirt- tvmhrrq (1829-31); Die deiitscJie Poli:::ciirisscn- schaft '(1832-34: 3d ed. 1840) ; Encyl;lo}xidie der Ktfiafsirissriischdften (1859; 2d ed. 1872); and Day dnitschr Rcichsstaatsrecht (1873). MOHLER, me'ler. .Johanx Adam ( 1796-1838) . One of the most distinguished modern polemical divines of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born at Igersheim, in Wiirttemberg. May 6, 1796. He received his education at the g;'mna- sium of Mergentheim, the lyceum of Ellwangen, and the Universitv of Tiibingen. He received priest's orders in 1819, and for a short tiiue was em])loyed in missionary duty. In 1823 he began to lecture on canon law and Church history at Tiibingen, and in 1826 became professor extraor- dinary, in 1828 professor ordinary of theology. His earliest publication was Die Eiiiheil in der Kirche oder das Prinzip des Kntliolizismus (1825), which was followed in 1827 by a histo- rico-theological essay Atlinnasius nnd die Kirche seiner Zeit. His reputation rests mainlv on his fii/mholil- (1832; Eng. trans., London. 1843). In 1835 ibihler removed to the L'niversity of IMii- nicli. His first appointment was nominally the chair of biblical exegesis, but he really devoted himself to the department of Church history, in which his openinc; course was eminentlv success- ful. He died in Wiirzburg. April 12. 1838. Hi?: Diiscellaneous works were collected and ptdilishcd postliumously in two volumes (Regensburg. 1839- 40i. by his friend Dr. Diillinger: his lectures on Church history by Gams (ib.. 1867-70). Consult Ills liioLjraiihy by Wiirner (Regensburg. 1866). MOHLER, .Toiix Frederick (1864—). An American physicist, born near Carlisle. Pa. He
