MARIAGE DE FIGARO. 57 MAEIAMNE. tracy, and was considprcd l)y Louis XVI. too daiif;cnnis for ]>uldic representation. MARIAGE FORCE, ma'ri-azli' f.".r'sa', Le (Fr., the forced marriage). A one-act prose comedy-ballet by Molifre (1664). The old Sgana- rcllc. under promise of marriage to a young coquette, Dorimf'ne, hesitates to fulfill his pi-(im- ise and .seeks advice without result from two philosopher friends, but is finally forced to con- sent by her brother Alcidas. The piece bore the name "liallet du roi," because Louis XIV. danced in it as a gypsy. MA'RIA GENS. A plebeian gens at Rome. It was never divided into families. Its most celebrated member was Caius Marius, conqueror of the Cimtiri and Teutones. MARIAGER, niu're-a'ger, Peter (1S27— ). A Danisli novelist, born at Nyborg. He became known through translations from the French and Gei'man, such as that of Flammarion's Inhahited irorWs. His original works are: Fia Hellas, Fern antike Forlallinger (1881) ; Den sidste La- mia. o(t andre antilce FortcelliiKjer (1884) ; ilag- tharrren pan Rliodox (ISSo) •.Ni/haris. a drama; Droiiningcn af Kyrene, og andre onltke Fortcel- linf/er (1801); and Ft linjlhip i Katakombcnw (1803). -Ml of his stories relate to Greek and Roman subicets. MARIA II. DA GLORIA, ma-re'a da gld'- re-a (1819-.53). A Queen of Portugal. She was a daughter of Dom Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, and a granddaughter of King John VI., of Portu- gal. She succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1820 on the death of her grandfather. Pom Pedro renouncing his claim to the throne in her favor, and though only a child was promised in mar- riage to her uncle. Dom Miguel, who was to act as Regent. The latter, however, in 1S28 usurped the throne. In 1832-33 Dom Pedro successfully attacked Dom Jliguel by land and sea. and in 1834 the usurper, yielding to the threats of Eng- land and France, submitted. Maria was estab- lished on the throne, and in 1835 she married the Dnke Charles Augustus of Leuchtenberg, who ilied a few' months later. The next year she mar- ried Duke Ferdinaiul of 8axe-Coburg-Gotha-Ko- harv. She was succeeded by her eldest son, Pedro V. MARIA LESZCZYNSKA, lesh-chin'ska (1703-68). Wife of King Louis XV. of France. She was the daughter of Stanislas Leszczynski, King of Poland, and was born in Breslau before he came to the throne. Maria accompanied her father in his wretched wanderings after his ex- pulsion from Poland. He settled in Alsace in 1710, after the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, and there the Duke of Bourbon saw ilaria, and arranged her marriage with Louis XV., who was seven years her Junior. She lived in retirement, devoting herself to acts of piety and charity, and died at Versailles, survived by four daughters. Consult: d'.Armaille, La reine Marie Leszezi/nslxa (Paris, 1870). and Des Reaux. Le roi Stanislas et Marie Le.'izc::)nish-a (Paris, 1895). MARIA LOUISA (1751-1810). Daughter of Duke Philip of Parma, and wife of King Charles IV. of Spain (q.v.), whom she married in 1705, while he was still Infante. When he succeed- ed to the crown in 1788, she and her lover, Godoy, Duke of .leudia, managed to secure practical control of the Government. After the revolution in 1808 which placed Ferdinand VII. on the throne of his father, slie and her hus- band tied to France and a[)pcaled to Napoleon, who induced the young King to restore the crown to his father and then persuaded the latter to cede it to him ; whereupon he promptly bestowed it on his brother .Joseph (q.v.). Maria spent the remainder <if her life in exile at Marseilles and Nice and latterly at Rome, where she died. MARIA LOUISA (1782-1824). Queen of Etruria, daughter of Charles IV. of S])ain (q.v.) and Maria Louisa of Parma (q.v.). She married Louis, eldest son of Duke Ferdinand of Parma. In 1801 her husband was invested by Napoleon with the Kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany), the consideration being that Parma should revert to France on the death of Ferdinand. When Louis died in 1803, her son. Charles Louis, succeed- ed to the Etrurian throne under her regency, but the kingdom was incorporated in 1807 in the French dominions. The Congress of Vienna in compensation gave the young prince Lucca, which his mother governed as Regent until he came of age, and in a subsequent treaty it was stipulated that Parma should revert to him on the death of the ex-Empress Maria Louisa. The Queen's memoirs were published under the title Meinoires de la reine d'Etriirie (Paris, 1814). MARIA LOUISA (1791-1847). The second wife of the Emperor Napoleon I. She was boi'n December 12, 1701, the daughter of the Archduke Francis, afterwards the Emperor Fran- cis I. of Austria, and was married to Napoleon on April 2, 1810. The nuirriage seemed to give stability to the Bonaparte dynasty, and in some measure to afford a prospect of peace to Europe. On March 20, 1811, she bore a son, who was called King of Rome. At the beginning of the campaign of 1813 Napoleon appointed her Regent in his absence, but under many limitations. On the abdication of Napoleon she was not permitted to follow lier husband, but went with her son to Schilnbrunn, where she remained till, in 1816, she received the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla. In 1821 she contracted a morga- natic marriage with her chamberlain. Count von Neipperg, who died in 1829. In 1833 she entered into a secret marriage with Count Bombelies, likewise her chamberlain. She died at Vienna, December 17, 1847. Consult: the works of Ini- bert de Saint Amand, The Happi/ Days of the Fnrpress Marie Louise (trans. New York, 1890- 01); Marie Louise and the Decadence of the Empire (trans. New York, 1801) ; Marie Louise and the Lnvasion of ISl.) (trans. New York, 1891); Marie Louise, the Island of Elba, and the Hundred Dai/s (trans. New York, 1891); and Marie Louise et le Due de Reichstadt { Paris, 1802). See N,poleon L MARIA LOUISA, OnnER of. A Spanish order founded by Cliarles IV., in 1792, and be- stowed by the Queen on women of the old no- bility. The recipient is expected to devote her- self to charitable and pious works. The order has one class. MARIAMNE, ma'ri-am'ne. Wife of Herod the Great (q.v.). She belonged to the family of the ilaccabees (q.v.). Vjcing the granddaughter of Hyrcanus II. Although she was deeply be- loved by her husband, he had her put to death in a tit of jealousy, and remorse for the act em- bittered the later years of his life. She is famed for her beauty as well as her tragic fate.
