MONASTICISM. 707 MONBTJTTU. skeptical spirit of the eigliteeuth centurj' was unfavorable to monastic evolution, Ijul tlie nine- teenth saw a reawakening. Persecution and confiscation for political and ])i"euniary reasons have reduced the numbers of religious communi- ties: but under a system of true religious liberty, as in the United States, wide extension of the religious Orders has come about. There are over 8000 members of religious Orders for men, about two-thirds of whom are priests, and about 45,000 members of religious Orders for women. For further details of the monastic life, the general arrangement of monasteries, and the relation of the older Orders to the development of European civilization, see the articles on the various Orders, and especially Benedictines. Bibliography. Henrion, Hisloire des ordres rclic/itux (Paris, 1835); Montalcmbert, The Monks of the West (Eng. trans., with introduc- toiy sketch by Dom Gasquet (London, 1896); Feasey, Motuisticisin (ib., 1808); Weingarten, Vrsprunri des Mo>ichthi(ms (Gotha. 1877) ; Mijh- ler, Oeschichte dcs Moiiclitliunis in dcr Zcit seiner Entstehung. ed. Dollinger (Regensburg, 1839) ; Wishart, Short History of Monl.s find Monasteries (2d ed., Trenton, 1903) ; Woodhouse, Monasticistn, Ancient and Modern (London, 1890); Harnack, Monasticism, Its Ideals and Its History (Eng. trans., New^ York, 1895) ; Allies, The Monastic Life, from the Fathers of the Desert to Charlemagne (London, 1896) ; Smith, Christian Monasticism from the Fourth to the Xinth Centuries (ib., 1892) : (iasquct. J/iMi- asfiV ('on.5fi7«tio»M)i? fli.s/ory (ib., 189U) ; Jameson, Legends of the Monastic Orders (ib., 1850) ; Bertouch, Geschichte der geistUchen Oenossen- schaftcn (Wiesbaden, 1888); Heimbucher, Die Orden und Congregatiomin der katholisvhen Kirche (Paderborn, 1896 sqq.). Consult a-lso the bibli- ography given in the articles on the different Orders. U.seful general treatments may also be found in Leeky, History of European Morals (London, 1869), adverse; ilaitland. Dark Ages (London, 1844) ; Carlyle, Past and Present (ib., 1843), the last two favorable. MONASTIK, mon'a-ster'. A fortified seaport on the cast coast of Tunis, 65 miles southeast of the city of Tunis (Map: Africa. F 1). It is sur- rounded by a strong wall crowned with towers, and has a number of mosques, and a normal school established by the French. The chief manufactures are .soap and oil. Population, about 6000. MONASTIR, or Bitolia. The capital of the ihiyet ol .Monastir, Macedonia, European Tur- key, in a l)road valley of the Nije ^lountains. 85 miles northwest of Saloniki, with which it is con- nected by rail (Map: Turkey in Europe. C 4). It is an important garrison town, with large bar- racks, military hospital, arsenal, etc. There are several mosques, a school of arts and sciences, and other educational institutions. The town curies on a large trade in wheat, tobacco, wool- en^, and skins, principally with Constantinople, and makes gold and silver ware, and carpets. Pojmlation. about 45.000. of whom two-fifths are Mohaiinnedans. Monastir is the ancient R>is- pina. MONAXTIi, mAn.al'. The Anglo-Indian name for any of the gorgeously nlumaged and crested pheasants of the genus Lophopliorus. which in- habit the forests of the Hinialavas. The three or I four species are objects of sport, and their skins are in demand for millinery. MON'AZITE (from Gk. ftopat^fiv, monazein, to be solitary, frcjm nhvos, monos, single). A phosphate of the cerium group of metals, prin- eipallj' cerium, lanthanum, and didjnnium, with varying amounts of thoria and silica. It is yellow, red, or reddish brown in color, has a resinous lustre, and crystallizes in the monoelinic system, the crystal individuals measuring only a fraction of an inch in length. Monazite is com- mercially Viiluable owing to its containing thorimn, which is ntilizc^l in the form of oxide in the manufacture of Welsbaeh and other gas- mantles. The cerium obtained from the separa- tion of the metallic oxides is employed as cerium oxalate in pharmacy. Monazite occurs in asso- ciation with the older crystalline rocks, especial- ly granite and gneiss, in the Southern Appala- chians, Brazil, Norway, Silesia, and Russia, but the only important sources of the mineral are North Carolina and Brazil. The deposits in North Carolina are of jjlacer nature and occur along the channels of the streams which have concentrated the heavier minerals in tlie lower layers of the sands and gravels. In Brazil the deposits are found along the seashore. The monazite is obtained by washing the sands and gravels in sluices, a process similar to gold-wash- ing. The concentrates thus obtained contain from 70 to 90 per cent, of monazite, with 1.587 per cent, of thoria. The output of monazite in the United States in 1901 was 748,736 pounds, valued at .'}!59,262. MONBOD'DO, .James Burnett, Lord (so called, by Scotch custom, as lord of .ses.sion) (1714-99). A Scottish judge and author, born at Monboddo, Kincardineshire. He was edu- cated at Marisehal College, Aberdeen, at Edin- burgh, and. in civil law. at Groningen. was ad- mitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh in 1737, and gained some distinction at the liar from his management of the well- known Douglas cause. He was well versed in the law. both at the bar and on the bench, and prepared a collection of the Decisions of the Lords of Council and, Session. (1826; in Brown's Supplement to the Dictionary of Decisions) . He was. however, far better known as a litterateur, in particular through his Origin and Progress of Language (6 vols.. 1773-92) and Ancient Meta- physics (0 vols.. 1779-99). in defense respectively of Greek literature and Greek philosophy, both erudite, formerly ridiculed for their eccentricities and paradoxes, and now generally regarded as singularly acute in their observatitms. and scien- tifically in advance of their time. They exhibit some interesting correspondences with the Xeo- Kantian philosophy and the Darwinian theory. MONBTTTTtr, monbut'too. or ifAxon.vxTU. A countrv in Central Africa, between latitudes 3° and 4° N., and longitudes 28° and 29° E., containing about 4000 square miles, with a popu- lation once estimated at 1,000.000. It is an ele- vated tableland. 2500 feet above the sea, and through it the Kibaly and Gadda rivers flow to form the Welle. The soil (producing tobacco, susar cane, sesame) is so fruitful that little cultivation is necessary. The inhabitants are cannibals of chocolate-color, practicing polygamy and circumcision, and wearing garments made of bark cloth. They are skillful smiths. Since
