MONMOUTHSHIRE. r29 MONOCOTYLEDONS. estuary of the Seveiu, iiortlieust by Hereford- shire, and east by Gloucestershire (Map: Eng- land, Do). It has a coast line of 22 miles. Area, 5'io square miles. The surface is elevated in the north and northwest, in tlie Sugarloaf at- taining a maximum altitude of 1856 feet. The Kjast districts are low and fertile, and in the valleys of the Usk and Wye wheat, barley, and oats are grown. The county is celelnated for its mineral wealth, and abounds in collieries and iron-works. The scenery is unusually varied and beautiful, and its picturesqueness is enhanced by numerous Roman antiquities, and the feudal remains of Raglan, Caldecot and Chepstow cas- tles, and Llanthony and Tintern abbeys. I'ntil the reign of Henry VIII., Jlonmouth was part of South Wales, and the Welsh language is still spoken in some districts. Chief towns, Newport, .bertillerv, Blaenavon, Pontvpool. Capital, Mon- mouth. Population, in 1891, 252,400; in 1901, 2!l2,.-inO. MONNIER, mo'nya', Henri Bonavextuee (1805 77). A French caricaturist and author, born .June 6, 1805. in Paris. He first won attention by pen-sketches and lithographic illus- trations of Beranger (1828), which revealed his power of catching typical traits. Thus he was led to write and illustrate such comic yet faitliful records of Paris street life as f^cencs populaircs (1830), or the Mem aires de 31. Joseph I'rudhoininc (1857). In 1831 he became an actor, excelling in plays of his own writing, but be soon abandoned the stage. Many of his later pictured stories have been adapted for dramatic l)resentation, e.g. Vn voyage en Hollande, Les bourgeois de Paris, and Le bonheur de vivre aux ehanips. He died in Paris, January 3, 1877. Consult: Chaniptleurv, Henri Monnier, sa vie, son oeuvre (Paris, 1889) ; and Beraldi, Les gra- veurs du XlXvine siecle, vol. x. (ib., 1890). MONNIER, .Je.j«' M.rie Alheht Marcel (IS.');!—). A French explorer and author, born in Paris, and educated at the Condorcet Lyceum. In lS8(i-87 he explored tlie Andes and the Ama- zon. In 1891-92 he went with Captain Binger's .frican expedition to the Ivory Coast, and in 1894, as correspondent of the Temps, he began a journey across the least traveled parts of Asia, which lasted three years. Among his writings are: IJn printemps sur le Pacifique (1885) ; Des. Andes au Para (1890); La France noire (1894) : and Tour d'Asie (1899). MONNIER, Marc (1827-85). A French writer, known mostly for his studies of Italy. He was born in Florence and passed the greater part of his life in Geneva, where he was professor at the university. His works include an Etude hislorique de la conqtiete de la fficHe par les Sarrasins (1847); Histoire du brigandage dans I'ltiilie meridionale (1862); La Camorra, mgs- tir(.<<dr Xaples (1863) : Pompfi et les Pompeicns (1864) : Cmites populaires en Italie (1880) ; Un arenliirier dii sicele dernier, Le eomte Joseph (loriini (1884); Histoire de la litterafiire mo- derne ; La renaissance de Dante ri Lufhrr l]fif^-i) , followed by 7m reforme de Luther r) l^liakrspeare (1885) ; also Les amours permises (1861) ; Luei- oles, in verse (1853) ; La vie de J^sus, in verse (187.'5) ; and Le charmeur (1882). MONNOYER, mA'nwa'yS', Jean Baptiste (1034-99). A French still-life painter, born at Lille. After study in Antwerp, he worked at Lille, and later went to London, where he was em- jdoyed by Lord Montagu, Queen Mary, and Queen Anne to decorate their palaces. There are eight pieces by him in the Louvre. He belongs to the Flemish school, and although he does not equal the masters of still-life painting, he was an agreeable colorisl, and his arrangements are in- teresting. MONOC'ACY, Baitle of. A battle fought at ilonocacy Junction, ild., about live miles from Frederick, on July 9, 1864, during the Civil War, between about 6()()() Federals under General Lew Wallace and about 20,000 Confederates un- der General Early. The Federal force was de- feated, but succeeded in delaying Early's march upon Washington, and thus rendered a valuable service. General Grant, in his Memoirs, says: "General Wallace contributed on this occasion, by the defeat of the troops umler him, a greater benefit to the cause than often falls to the lot of a commander of an equal force to render by means of a victory." MONOCHORD (Lat. monocliordos, mono- ehordoH, fr<jm Gk. fiovdxopSnv, monochord, neu. sg. of /ioi'oxopSoc, monoehordos, having a single chord, from /iovog, monos, single + X"P^'I^ chorde^ string). A very ancient musical instrument used to determine the mathematical proportions of in- tervals. It consists of a single string stretched over a sounding-board. Any division of this string is obtained by means of a movable bridge sliding on a graduated scale. In this manner every interval can be produced with absolute acoustic purity. During the Middle Ages the monochord was used to illustrate intervals sound- ing simultaneously, and for this purpose several strings, each with a separate bridge, were added. In this form it became the precursor of the elariehord (q.v. ). See Plate of Musical Instru- ments. MONOCHROME (ML. monochroma. from Gk. fi(w6xpufiu^, monoehronios, having a single color, from iidvoi;, monos, single + xp<->f^a, chroma, color) . A painting done in the various shades of a single color. MONOCLINE (from Gk. fidvo;, monos, single + kXIpcip, klincin, to incline). A geolog- ical term applied to an abrupt inclination of strata connecting the same beds lying at different levels. A monocline may be regarded as a modi- fied form of the anticline (q.v.). Folds of this character are developed on a grand scale in the Rocky Mountain region. MON'OCOT'YLE'DONS (from Gk. fi6vnc, mniiiis, single + Korv^^Ti^dtv, hotgledon, cup-shaped cavity, from kotv?.?/-, koli/le, socket). One of the two great divisions of angiosperms (q.v.). The name means 'one cotyledon,' and suggests one of the distinguishing features of the group, namely that the embryo developed within the seed has but one cotyledon or seed-leaf; while in the other group (dicotyledons^ it has two. The fact that the embryo lias only a single cotyledon is not so significant as its position. .t one end of the axis of the embryo the root tip is organized, while at the other end the cotyledon is developed, the stem tip coming out on the side of the axis. In dicotyledons the tips of the roots and those of the stems occupy the ends of the axis, and the cotyledons come out on the side. The most
