OSAGE. 127 OSAWATOMIE. mon enemies in whom no faith could be placed. Their principal wars were with the Cherokee and Chickasaw in the east and with the Kiowa, Cheyenne, Pawnee, and otliers on the plains. By successive cessions, beginning in 1808, they sold their original extensive territory until their re- moval to their present reservation in 1870, but through the aid of competent lawyers were able to secure such terms that they are now the richest tribe per capita in the United .States, their annual income from invested funds and current leases being about $600,000, or over .$.300 for every man. woman, and child in the tribe. The result, however, has been rather detrimental than otherwise, tending to encourage dissipation and hinder industrial progress. From an esti- mated population of over 6000 a century ago they have diminished to 3000 in 1875 and 1700 in 1001. of whom only about 800 are full-bloods. OSAGE. A city and the county-seat of Mitch- ell County, Iowa, 157 miles northwest of Du- buque, on the Red Cedar River, and on the Illinois Central and the Chicago Great Western railroads (Map: Iowa, El). It has the Sage Public Libraiy. with 3000 volumes, and Cedar Valley .Seminary; and near the city are the fair grounds of the County Agricultural Society. Osage is of considerable importance as the ship- ping point of a productive farming, stock-raising, and dallying section, and there are large nursery interests. The water-works are o^Tied by the city. Population, in 1890, 1913: in 1900, 2734. OSAGE ORANGE, or Bow Wood (so called from the Osage Mountains in Arkansas, of which it is a native), Madura aiiraiilinca. A Xorth American tree of the natural order Urticaceie, which attains a height varying, according to soil and situation, from 20 to 60 feet. Its wood, which might probably be used for dyeing as a substitute for fustic (q.v. ), is bright yellow, fine- LEATES AND FRriTOFOBAGE OKASGE. grained, and very elastic, and was much used by the North American Indians for making bows. The tree has been successfully used in many places as a hedge plant, its thorny stems forming an impenetrable barrier when properly trained. Its inedible fruit, which is about the size of a large orange, has a tuberculated surface of a golden color, and is fillpd internally with radi- ating somewhat woody fibres, and with a yellow- ish milkv iuice. the odor of which is generally disliked.' The leaves of the Osage orange have been very successfully substituted for mulberry leaves in feeding silkworms. OSAGE KIVER. A tributary of the Mis- souri, It rises in eastern Kansas, and flows in a winding course eastward through the State of Missouri, emjjtying into the Missouri River a few miles below Jell'erson City (Map: Missouri, C 3). It is about .500 miles long, and navigable at high water for 200 miles. OSAKA, osa'ka, or OZAKA, o-za'ki (Jap., contraction of O-ye-saka, the great estuary hill, in allusion to the rising ground on which the castle stands). An important manufacturing and trading centre of .lapan, and one of the three Imperial cities. It is situated on the island of Hondo, on both banks of the Yodo River, the outlet of Lake Biwa, and on the shores of Osaka Bay, in latitude 34- 42' X., and longi- tude I'io'^ 31' E., 20 miles by rail from Kob6, and 27 from Kioto. It is built for the most part on low-lying level land. The city is intersected by the Yodo and numerous canals spanned by 1300 bridges, and has in consequence been styled the 'Venice of the East.' The streets are laid out with great regularity at right angles to each other, and are in the main narrow. The town has an average annual temperature of about 59° and a rather unhealthful climate. Osaka has many industries, its principal manu- factures being those of cotton, glass, and iron and steel products. Other important manufac- tures are boots and shoes, matches, tobacco prod- ucts, clocks, etc. There is also considerable ship- building. A fine Government mint, for which 40 acres are used, was established here under foreign superintendence in 1871. In connection with it are a refinery and sulphuric acid works, which are a source of great profit to the Govern- ment. Osaka was opened in 1868 for foreign residence and trade, and a foreign settlement wag laid out on the river island of Kawaguchi. The harbor, however, is poor and unsuited for large vessels, and Kobe has attracted most of the foreign trade, especially since the opening of the railway. The foreign settlement is, therefore, occupied for the most part by missionaries. Com- mercially Osaka is important chiefly in the inter- nal trade, while in regard to foreign connnerce it is only of slight importance in comparison with Yokohama and Kobt:. The total foreign commerce of the port in 1001 amounted to over $11,000,000, the bulk of the trade being in cotton goods. Small steamers ply regularly between Osaka and the ports of Shikoku and the Inland Sea. There are many temples and places of interest in the city and vicinity. The chief is the castle, which is one of the most famous in Japan. It stands on high ground in that part of the city known as the Upper Town. At the end of the fifteenth century its site was occupied by the monastery and temples of the Shin-shu sect of Buddhists, and was so strongly fortified by them that it defied the repeated attacks of the great general Xobunaga. In 1583 Hideyoshi I q.v.) made it the seat of his power and erected within the citadel a palace, which was. as some authorities believe, the most magnificent building the world ever saw. It survived the attack of lye- vasu (q.v.) against Hideyori. Ilideyoshi's son, but was burned by Tokugawa retainers in the civil war of 1868. It now contains the headquarters of the Osaka military district. Population of city, in 1808. 821.235; of the fu. 1.311.900. OSAWAT'OMIE. A city in Miami County, Kan., (II miles .south by west of Kansas City, Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad (Map:
