pherem, to bear). Articles of wearing apparel
and ornament suitable to a wife's station in
life, which were given to or acquired by lier
either before <n' during marriage. Botli the
Roman and civil law recognized a special prop-
erty in the wife, as to her necessary article.-; of
clothing and ornament, and the name and idea
were adopted from the above systems into the
Knglisli law. By the common law the wife's
])araphernalia, except articles of absolutely
necessary clothing, belonged to the husband dur-
ing his lifetime and he could dispose of fliem
at his discretion, but on his death the wife could
hold them against the heirs and legatees, al-
though not as against creditors.. The husband,
liowever, could not dispose of her paraphernalia
by will.
No exact list of articles which may . be in-
cluded under the term paraphernalia can be
given, as the rules vary in different jurisdic-
tions. In general, it may be said that the cloth-
ing and ornaments must be such as would ordi-
narily be ])ossessed by a woman in her station
in life, and that jewels, etc., given by the hus-
band in excess of his means will not be included.
See Hl'sba.nd akd Wife; Separate Estate.
Consult the authorities referred to under Hus-
band and Wife.
PARAPHRASE (Lat. para phra sis, from Gk.
•n-apaippcKji^, from ~aim<)>pa^ta', paraphrazein, to
repeat a statement in different words, from Tzapa,
para, beside, beyond + (ppdi^eiv, phrazein, to say),
in music, a free arrangement of a composition
for some other instrument or instruments. Bil-
low's arrangement of Tristan und Isolde is mere-
ly a transcription, because he puts nothing into
the piano score that Wagner has not written in
the orchestral score. Liszt's arrangement of
the Love-Death is more a paraphrase, because
he uses rhythmic figures of his own invention.
Also he begins with the motive of the Curse,
which in ^^"agner's score does not precede the
opening of the Death song. Liszt's transcrip-
tions of the songs of Schubert, Schumann, and
others are excellent examples of paraphrases.
PARAPHYSES, par-afi-sez (from Gk. napa.
<t>vaiQ, paraphysis, offshoot, from Tvapatfivtiv, para-
phyein, to produce oft'shoots, from Trapd, para,
beside + <pveiv, pliyein, to grow). Outgrowths,
usually filamentous in form, which are asso-
ciated with reproductive organs, either sexual or
asexual. Among the fungi paraphj-ses occur in
connection with the spore-bearing organs in the
formation of hymenial layers, as in Aseobolus,
black knot (Spheeria morbosa) , etc. The best
known use of the term, however, is in connection
with the mosses, in which the groups of sex-
organs, especially the antheridia, are often inter-
mingled with hair-like paraphyses. See Musci.
PARAPLE'GIA. See Paralysis.
PARASOL FUNGUS. See Mr.snRooxt.
PAR'ASANG (Lat. parasanga, from Gk.
naoamyyj]^, parasanges, from Pers. farsang,
parasang) . A lineal measure still used by the
Persians, and often alluded to by the Greeks.
The estimate of its length given by Herodotus,
Suidas, Hesychius, and Xenophon, and concurred
in by modern travelers, is equivalent to about
30 Greek stadia, or 3^4 English miles. The word
is thought to be derived from scng (Persian, 'a
stone'), and para (Sanskrit, 'end'), in allusion
to milestones. Byzantine writers reckoned it
at 21 stadia: Strabo reckoned it at 30, 40, and
even (iO stadia. Persian authorities are divided.
PARASARA, pa-ril'sha-rii. A Hindu sage,
reputed to lie the author of some of the hymns
of the Kig-eda, where he is once mentioned
(vii. 18, 21) as a friend of Indra. He is said
to have been the son of Vasishtha, or, according
to the more usual account, of asishtha's son,
Sakti. The story runs that King Kalinasha-
pada once met Sakti ia a narrow path in a
thicket, and ordered him out of the way. The
sage refused, whereat the King lashed him with
his whip, and Sakti cursed him to become a
rakshasa, or demon. In this transformation
Kalmashapada killed and ate :>aktj, together
with the other sons of Vasishtha. Sakti,' how-
ever, had left hia wife, Adrishyanti, pregnant,
and she gave birth to Paras'ara, who was brought
up by his grandfather. When he grew up, and
was informed how his father died, he instituted
a sacrifice for the destruction of all the rak-
shasas, but was dissuaded from its completion
by Vasishtha and other sages. This legend is
later expanded, so that, as a reward for his for-
bearance, Parasara is said to have been the
compiler of the Visnu-puruna. (See Pihan.v.)
There is also attributed to him a law-code/ the
Parasarasinili, and a subpuiana, the I'ariiSarn-
purana, which, like some late works ascribed to
Parasara, may have been composed by historical
personages bearing this name. The legendary
Para.fera is said to have been the father of
Vyasa (q.v. ) by an intrigue with the Princess
Satyavati.
PARASELENE. See Halo.
PARASITE (Lat. parasitus, from Gk. ^rapAat.
Toi;, one who eats at another's table, guest,
parasite, irom ~apa, para, beside, beyond -i-aiTnc,
sitds. food), A.M.MAL. Animals that feed on the
fluids of other living animals that the latter have
elaborated for their own use: also on the juices
and even solid matters that they get while feed-
ing in the interior of living plants. It is e.s.sen-
tial to the idea of parasitism that an injury is
done to some other living organism within which,
or fastened on to which, the parasite lives; and
the organism that supports the parasite is called
the 'host.'
Parasites are either 'temporary' or 'station-
ary.' Temporary parasites are tliosc that seek
their host only occasionally or for a .short time;
they may have ditl'erent individuals as hosts at
different times, as is the case with the leech and
bed-bug. Stationary parasites are those whose
parasitic life continues for a long time, perhaps
as long as life, e.g. the tapeworm. Parasites
may also be classified as 'eetoparasitic' or 'endo-
parasitic.' Ectoparasites live ehiclly on the skin
and are either temporary, as in the case of the
mosquito, or stationary, as in the case of the
itch-mite. Kndoparasites live chiefiy in the ali-
mentary tract or some other intestinal organ,
and are stationary.
Origin of Parasitic Life. A knowledge of
this subject can best be gained by a study of
certain groups where all gradations occur from
free-living to parasitic forms. The first ex-
ample may be taken from the group Co|M'poda.
Many of these small Crustacea swim free in the
sea and in ponds. They feed on all sorts of
organic d.'-bris. One species, .igiilus. travel*
Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/390
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PARAPHERNALIA.
337
PABASITS.
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