Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/618

colonies, it was spoken of as ‘most advanced’ in Pennsylvania as early as 1756. In 1900 it furnished 54 per cent. of the total product for the United States. The localization of the industry is determined by the accessibility to ore and fuel, and consequently until about 1850 the industry was most extensive in the eastern anthracite coal and iron ore district. (Charcoal, however, had been universally used prior to 1840.) Since then the Pittsburg district, in the western part, has far surpassed the eastern district. This change is coincident with the substitution of bituminous coal and coke and natural gas for anthracite coal, and with the development of the Lake Superior ore region. The pig iron produced in 1900 by the use of bituminous coal and coke amounted to 76 per cent. of the total for the State. The ore used in this part of the State comes from the Lake Superior district, having the advantage of cheap water transportation. From 1890 to 1900 the increase in iron and steel was 64.2 per cent. Although the industry is largely centered in the towns of Allegheny County, it is important in almost every large town. The manufacture of Bessemer steel began in 1867. Within the last two decades, however, the Bessemer process has been largely supplanted by the open-hearth process.

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INDUSTRIES

 Year 

Number of
 establishments 

Average
number
 wage-earners 

Value of products,
including custom
 work and repairing 

---

---

---

---

---

Total for selected industries for State

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

15,665 

478,780 

$1,291,000,950 

1890

12,613 

381,760 

935,303,641 

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---

---

---

---

---

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Increase 1890 to 1900

......

3,052 

97,020 

$355,697,309 

Per cent. of increase

......

24.2 

25.4 

38.0

Per cent. of total of all industries in State

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

0.0 

65.2 

70.4

1890

32.1 

66.9 

72.2

Iron and steel, total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

291 

110,864 

$434,445,200 

1890

311 

92,473 

264,571,624 

Blast furnaces

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

77 

16,075 

101,575,487 

1890

116 

15,612 

75,239,203 

Rolling mills and steel works

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

209 

94,664 

332,588,174 

1890

186 

76,609 

188,714,190 

Iron and steel, pipe, wrought

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

10 

3,675 

15,383,693 

1890

14 

9,170 

30,249,795 

Foundry and machine shop products

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

1,260 

62,828 

127,292,440 

1890

886 

38,247 

67,587,025 

Electrical apparatus and supplies

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

63 

7,817 

19,112,665 

1890

10 

209 

674,565 

Cars and general shop construction and repairs	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$
by steam railroad companies

1900

144 

28,554 

43,065,171 

1890

61 

22,649 

28,769,728 

Cars, steam railroad, not including	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$
operations of railroad companies

1900

11 

5,840 

19,260,910 

1890

15 

4,535 

10,080,722 

Coke	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

89 

9,283 

22,282,358 

1890

98 

5,855 

10,415,628 

Textiles

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

1,102 

102,213 

158,782,087 

1890

1,028 

79,579 

134,001,269 

Boots and shoes, factory product

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

146 

9,144 

13,235,933 

1890

158 

7,616 

10,354,850 

Clothing, men's, factory product

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

481 

10,497 

23,389,043 

1890

337 

7,675 

26,732,348 

Clothing, women's, factory product

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

230 

8,311 

11,694,580 

1890

80 

2,989 

3,903,596 

Flouring and grist-mill products

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

2,719 

2,195 

36,639,423 

1890

2,226 

3,378 

39,478,076 

Slaughtering, total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

111 

1,669 

25,238,772 

1890

242 

1,582 

21,991,604 

Cheese, butter, and condensed milk,	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$
factory product

1900

749 

976 

10,290,006 

1890

300 

766 

5,319,434 

Liquors, total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

281 

4,976 

34,520,358 

1890

203 

3,548 

22,698,423 

Liquors, distilled

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

73 

471 

5,357,615 

1890

40 

400 

4,339,689 

Liquors, malt

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

208 

4,505 

29,162,743 

1890

163 

3,148 

18,358,734 

Tobacco, total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

2,712 

25,483 

33,355,932 

1890

2,025 

18,550 

23,387,910 

Leather, tanned, curried and finished

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

254 

13,396 

55,615,009 

1890

410 

10,956 

49,931,716 

Glass

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

119 

19,420 

22,011,130 

1890

99 

18,510 

17,179,137 

Petroleum, refining

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

38 

3,299 

34,977,706 

1890

55 

3,284 

18,498,777 

Sugar and molasses, refining

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

7 

1,249 

36,163,817 

1890

10 

1,459 

46,599,754 

Chemicals

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

100 

4,278 

13,034,384 

1890

71 

3,284 

13,144,210 

Printing and publishing, total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

1,795 

16,991 

36,455,629 

1890

1,487 

15,009 

34,408,493 

Lumber and timber products

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

2,338 

13,510 

35,749,965 

1890

1,948 

19,598 

29,087,970 

Lumber, planing mill products,	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$
including sash, doors, and blinds

1900

542 

7,472 

16,736,839 

1890

467 

7,888 

18,398,688 

Paper and wood pulp

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

73 

4,840 

12,267,900 

1890

72 

2,951 

7,838,299 

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In foundry and machine-shop products the State ranks first. For instance, it made in 1900 more than one-half the total number of steam locomotives made in the United States. Since 1845 locomotives of Pennsylvania make have been shipped in constantly increasing numbers