| The Council (James Hamilton, President) | 1771 | |
| Richard Penn, Lieutenant-Governor | 1771-73 | |
| John Penn, Lieutenant-Governor | 1773-76 | |
| Council of Safety (Thomas Wharton, President) | 1776-77 | |
| PRESIDENTS OF THE SUPREME EXECUTIVE COUNCIL | ||
| Thomas Wharton, Jr. | 1777-78 | |
| George Bryan (acting) | 1778 | |
| Joseph Reed | 1778-81 | |
| William Moore | 1781-82 | |
| John Dickinson | 1782-85 | |
| Benjamin Franklin | 1785-88 | |
| Thomas Mifflin | 1788-90 | |
| GOVERNORS OF STATE | ||
| Thomas Mifflin | Federalist | 1790-99 |
| Thomas McKean | Democratic-Republican | 1799-1808 |
| Simon Snyder | “ | 1808-17 |
| William Findlay | “ | 1817-20 |
| Joseph Heister | Independent Democrat | 1820-23 |
| John Andrew Shulze | Democratic-Republican | 1823-29 |
| George Wolf | “ | 1829-35 |
| Joseph Ritner | Anti-Masonic | 1835-39 |
| David Rittenhonse Porter | Democratic | 1839-45 |
| Francis Rawn Shunk | “ | 1845-48 |
| William Freame Johnston | Whig | 1848-52 |
| William Bigler | Democratic | 1852-55 |
| James Pollock | “ | 1855-58 |
| William Fisher Packer | “ | 1858-61 |
| Andrew Gregg Curtin | Republican | 1861-67 |
| John W. Geary | “ | 1867-73 |
| John F. Hartranft | “ | 1873-79 |
| Henry M. Hoyt | “ | 1879-83 |
| Robert E. Pattison | Democratic | 1883-87 |
| James A. Beaver | Republican | 1887-91 |
| Robert E. Pattison | Democratic | 1891-95 |
| Daniel H. Hastings | Republican | 1895-99 |
| William A. Stone | “ | 1899-1903 |
| Samuel W. Pennypacker | “ | 1903— |
Bibliography. MacVeagh, Pennsylvania (Boston, 1889); Wickersham, History of Education in Pennsylvania (Lancaster, 1886); Fisher, The Making of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1896); Roberts, Anthracite Coal Industry (New York, 1901); and for the history: Pennsylvania Archives, 1st series, 12 vols., 2d series, 19 vols., 3d series, 30 vols.; Colonial Records, 12 vols.; Proud, History of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1797-98); Carpenter, id. (ib., 1869); Cornell, id. (New York, 1879); Hazard, Annals of Pennsylvania, 1609-82 (Philadelphia, 1850); Egle, History of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1876); Diffendorffer, The German Immigration into Pennsylvania (Lancaster, 1900); Kuhns, German and Swiss Settlements in Pennsylvania (New York, 1001); Sharpless, History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1898-99); id., Two Centuries of Pennsylvania History (ib., 1900); Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America (Boston, 1899); Bolles, Pennsylvania Province and State (Philadelphia, 1900); Shimmell, History of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1900).
PENNSYLVANIA, Historical Society of. An association organized in Philadelphia December 2, 1824, and incorporated June 2, 1826. Its object is the elucidation of history, with special reference to that of Pennsylvania. It has a valuable historical library and a museum at Philadelphia. The society has a subscribed publication fund of $40,000, the revenue from which is expended in printing matter of historic interest. This fund has published 14 volumes of Memoirs of the Society, and 26 volumes of The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, issued in quarterly numbers. The society has also published an historical map of the State, a volume of Collections, and one on Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution.
PENNSYLVANIA, University of. An institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pa., established in 1740 as a charitable school, and raised to the grade of an academy in 1751 through the efforts of an association of citizens formed in consequence of a pamphlet published by Benjamin Franklin, entitled, “Proposals Relative to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania.” The academy, consisting of an English, a mathematical, and a Latin school, each under a master, with subordinate tutors and ushers, proved so successful that in 1753 it received a charter from the Proprietors, Thomas and Richard Penn. Two years later it had attained a standard which justified the granting of degree conferring powers, and in 1755 the institution was converted into the College and Academy of Philadelphia. During the agitated times of the wars with the French the provost, Rev. William Smith, opposed so vehemently the non-resistance policy of the Pennsylvania Legislature that he was arbitrarily thrown into prison, where he faithfully received his classes. He was subsequently sent to England to raise funds for an endowment, and there met the commissioner from King's (Columbia) College on a similar mission. Through the influence of the Archbishop of Canterbury they received a circular letter from the King, and succeeded in raising a considerable endowment for each college. On Doctor Smith's return a letter to the trustees from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas and Richard Penn, and Rev. Samuel Chandler represented that the institution was originally founded and carried on for the benefit of a mixed body of people; that at the time of making the collection its officers included representatives of various Christian denominations; and, since jealousies had arisen between parties, it was recommended to the trustees to make a fundamental declaration to prevent inconveniences of this kind. Accordingly, in 1764, the trustees bound themselves and their successors to retain the original wide plan of the institution and “to use their utmost endeavors that the same be not narrowed, nor the members of the Church of England, or those dissenting from them (in any future election to the principal offices), be put on any worse footing in this seminary than they were at the time of receiving the royal brief.” In 1779 this resolution was construed by the Legislature into a “narrowing of the foundation,” and seized as a pretext for confiscating all the rights and properties of the college, which were bestowed upon a new organization, called in the charter the “Trustees of the University of the State of Pennsylvania.” Ten years later these rights and properties were restored, and in 1791 an act was passed amalgamating the old college with the new university under its present title. In 1872 the university was removed to the present site.
The departments of the university are the college, including the School of Arts, the Towne Scientific School, and the courses for teachers; the Departments of Philosophy (Graduate School), Law, Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine, and Archæology; the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology; the Laboratory of Hygiene; the Veterinary Hospital; the Library, and the Flower Astronomical Observatory; Physical Education. The School of Arts offers courses in arts and science, finance and commerce, biology and music. The Towne Scientific School offers courses in architecture, science and technology, mechanical, electrical,
