PLUTARCH. 134 PLYMOUTH. myths. But the nit'thod in liis li.ands is often obviously a mere e.MTc-ise of liti-riiry in>;?nuity. And in "the final test he will be found, like all true Platonists, to atlirni little if any rigid dopna, and to make no concessions to concrete superstition. Plutarcirs-style is that of an intelligent widely read man, familiar with the vocabulary of phi- losophy and the sciences, and more concerned for his nuitter than his manner. He does not affect Attic purism, and the tawdry rhetoric of his age has no attractions for him. He died somewhere between a.d. 120 and 1.30. Bim.iooBAPiiY. The entire text may be found in the Teubner series, and also in the Didot Ilih- liotlicca with T.atin translation. Wyttcnbach's unfinished l(i vidunic edition of the MoraHti with Index Gra-ritdlis (Oxford. 17il.3-KS3()) is indis- pensable to the student. Gn'ard's /><■ la morale dr Phdarqve (Paris, 18G6) is a readable stud.y. Volkmann's Lchen, Schriften iind PhiUmiphic. dcs Plutarch (Berlin, 1873) is sdiolarly and ex- haustive. See also. Trench. A I'opiihir Introduc- tion to Plutarch (London, 187.3). and the account in the last volume (on the Provinces) of .Momm- sen's lliMorii of Rome. The so-called Dry<len's translation of the Lircs revised in five volumes by .. H. Clough is a stock book. Xortli's version from the French of Amyot was rci'dited by ynd- bam in 18!l."). The Moralia may be read in the traditional translation revised l)y W. W. Good- win (I'.n-t.in. 1874-78). PLUTEUS, ])lu'te-iis (Lat., parapet, parti- tion, pentliouse). In classical arcbitecture, a sec- tion of a parapet or a slab filling up the space between two columns; an inclosurc around an al- tar or other low screen. PLUTO (Lat.. from Gk. TWoiruv Plouton, from novTos, ]iloutos, wealth). The Roman name for the Greek god of the lower world, properly Hades. Two conceptions may be distinguished. One chiefly j)rominent in jioctry represents him as the grim and iiiipbicai>le ruler beneath the earth; an enemy of all life, iiivisililc. terrible, not to be appeased by sacrifice or prayer. His king- dom, though provided with palace and all else that belong to his state, is gloomy and full of horrors, while from it none ever escape. The other conception seems rather found in some aspects of his cult and in popular belief. It is best expressed through his name Pluto, and con- siders the ruler of the lower world as the owner and bestnwer of the products which arc hidden in his kingdom, especially of the grain. This aspect seems prominent in the cult of Eleusis, and it is significant that the name Phito first occurs in Attic poets of the fifth century B.C. Xaturall.v Hades is not prominent in the myths. He was considered a son of Cronos and brother of Zeus and Poseidon, to whfim the depths of the earth and the kingdom of the dead were assigned after the overthrow of the Titans. From the Cyclops he received his cap of invisibility, which belongs to him as the thunderbolt to Zcu-i and the trident to Poseidon. In bis chariot be suddenly burst from the earth and carried off Persephone (see Ceres), who became bis f|ueen and regularly shared his cult. It should be noted, however, that this cult is directed to Pluto, and to the milder aspect of the god. So far as can be seen only at Pylas in Elis was there a sanctuary of Hades. This was only opened once a year, and then could only be entered by the priest. In art Hades is not a fre- quent figure, and no distinct type was developed to distinguish him. In general he ditTers from Zeus only in bis expression, which is dark and stern, with his hair hanging heavily over his brows. He is also fully and even heavily draped. Of course in such scenes as the rape of Perse- phone modifications appear, and sometimes a wolf's head helmet seems to represent the cap of invisibility. In Rome the worship of Dis Pater and Proser- pina was introduced in B.C. 249 in conse<|Ucnce of variovis omens, and games were lield on three nights in the Campus Martins, accoiu])anied by the sacrifice of black cattle. These games, ac- cording to the vow, were repeated in B,c. 140, and later were modified by Augustus. . The jjlace where the sacrifices were offered was called Ta- rentum, and the altar was twenty feet below the level of the ground and only exposed to view on these occasions. Proserpina may have been an Italian goddess, but this joint cult is certainly of purely Greek origin, and almost certainly Ijor- rowed from Tarcntuni. PLUTO MONKEY. A West African monkey {Ccrciipilhi riix Philii) , one of the guenons of Angola, which is distinguished by the reddish- black color of the under ]]arts and generally dark f>ir. The forehead has a white band and the cheeks bear liusliy gray whiskers. PLUTONIC ROCKS (from Lat.. Pluto, god of the lower world). The name given to those igneous rocks which have c(msolidated at consid- erable depths in the earth and have subsequently been brought to the surface by the denudation and removal of the overlying strata. As a class they are contrasted with the volcanic rocks which have solidified at or near the surface. 5Iost of the coarsegrained igneous rocks, espe- cially granites, are of plutonie origin. PLU'TUS (Lat., from Gk. UlovTot, Ploutos, from itXoCtoj, ploutos, wealth). In Greek my- thology, the god of riches, son of Dcmeter and lasion. According to the legend Zeus blinded him so that he might not be able to discriminate in his gifts, and in the Pluliis of Aristophanes he appears as a blind old man. In art. however, he was usually represented as a child, and in the arms of some goddess, such as Tyche (Fortime) or Athena Ergane (the Worker) or K Irene (Peace). A copy of the celebrated statue of Kirene and the infant Plutus by the Athenian artist Ccphisodotus is to be found in the so-called Leucothea of the Gh'ptothek in ilunicb. PLUVIOSE, pin ve Az' (Fr., rainy). The name given to the fifth month of the French Re- publican calendar, beginning on .January 20th, 21st, dr 22d and ending on February 19th, 20th, or 21st. PLUVIUS. An epithet of Jupiter as the giver cif rain. PLYM'LEY, Peter. An assumed name under which Sydney Smith published a series of vigor- ous letters in defense of Catholic emancipation (1807-08). PLYMOUTH, pllm'uth. An important sea- port. Parliajucntary and county borough, in the southwest of Devonshire. England, 2.S1 miles west-southwest of London (Jlap: England, B R). It stands in the Bight of Plymouth Sound be- tween the estuaries of the Plvm and Tamar. To
