POLLAIUOLO. 205 POLLINATION. may be ascribed to liini with Cfitaiiity are the vestibule of the Sacristy of San Sp'irito, the court of the Palazzo Strozzi, and the great hall in the Palazzo Vecchio. Consult: Anderson, The Architecture of the licnuifisaiwe in Italy (Lon- ilon, 1896) : and Geymuller-Stefjinann, Die Ar- chitektiir dcr Renaissance in Toscnna. (Florence, 1885-90). POL'LANARRU'A. An ancient city of Cey^ Ion now in ruins, in the Province of Taman- kadnie, about 60 miles northeast of Candy, It was the capital of the island in 769-1319. Its golden age was in the reign of Prakrania Bahoo I., who fortified it, built a royal palace, a mon- astery and residence for the priesthood, a superb dagoba, and many other public buildings. When the Malabars took it, about 1204. they demolished and reduced it to its present condition. The most remarkable building is the .Taitawanarama tem- ple. Opposite the entrance is an image of Gau- tama Buddha 50 feet high. The Satmaha Prasada is a han<lsome pyramidal building. The palace of Prakrania Bahoo I, is on the borders of the Toopawewa, an artificial lake, POLO/ARD, Edward Albert (1828-72), An American journalist, born in Xelson County, Va. He graduated at the University of Virginia in 1849, and studied law. He went to California and engaged in journalism until 18,5.5. and traveled extensively. At the beginning of the Civil War he was preparing for the Episcopal ministry. From 1861 until its suppression by the military authorities in 1865. he was an editorial writer on the Richmond Examiner, and was a merciless critic of President Davis. Xear the close of the war, while attempting to run the blockade on his way to England, he was cap- tured and imprisoned for eight months in Fort Warren near Boston. After his release on parole he was again confined in Fortress ilonroe by special order of Secretary of War Stanton, but was summarily released by General Butler. His books include: Black Diamonds Gathered in Darkij Homes of the fionth (1859), an attempt to show the bright side of slavery; Letters of a Southern >S'pi/ in Washinpton and Elsewhere (1801 ) ; Southern History of the War ( 1862-66) ; The Lost Cause (1866), a shorter history of the war: Lee and His Lieutenants (1867) ; and Life of Jefferson Daris with Secret History of the Soiith^'rn Confederacy (1869). His books show considerable literary ability, but his violent pre- judices prevented any sort of fairness to the ob- jects of his dislike. POLLARDING (from pollard, from poll, head). The i)rocess very commonly practiced in Europe of cutting off the crown of a tree to make it throw out numerous water-sprouts from the top of the remaining trunk. Trees so treated, called pollards, are not beautiful, but are useful in districts where fuel is scarce, since the branches are cut every third or fourth year. The iiractice is not common in the United States, Trees of rapid growth, such as willows, poplars, alders, elms, and limes, are most frequently pol- larded. While the operation apparently injures the tree, it should be noted that many of the old- est trees in Europe and the largest in diameter have been continuously pollarded, POLLEN (Lat.. fine flour, fine dust). A name applied to the microspores of seed-plants, and popularly regarded as the "fertilizing dust' produced by llowers. See Spore. POLLEN'TIA. An ancient place in Xorth Italy, on the Tanarus, represented by the mod- ern little town of Pollenzo, Xi miles south of Turin, near Bra. The ruins of an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a temple mark the site of the ancient city, where Alaric and Stili- cho fought in a, d. 402 or 40.3. The ruins of a mediieval royal castle are also to be seen here. POLL-EVIL. painful swelling on the head or the neck of horses, which if not attended to may become a troublesome and serious ulcer. It may be caused by striking the head against a beam, straining against the halter, or bj' an ex- cessive tight rein when driving. If the swelling continues to increase, so that it becomes evident that pus is forming, then the formation of pus must be hastened as rapidly as possible by hot applications, and as soon as this is brought about — which may be known by the tumor being soft to the touch — it nuist be lanced. All the pus must be discharged, and the means employed — as, e.g.. a seton — must be such that any future formation of pus shall run out immediately, thus preventing any corrosion of the bone beneath the tumor. This is all the treatment required, ex- cept fomentations of tepid water to insure cleanliness, if the disea.se be taken in its early stages. POLLICE VERSO, pol'li-sevPr'sA (Lat., with thumb reversed ) . The sign by which the spec- tators at the Roman gladiatorial combats ex- pressed their wish that the vanquished gladiator should be put to death. In this case the thumbs were turned up, but it is not clear that turning down the thumbs signified that mercy was to be extended, this being shown according to Martial by the waving of handkerchiefs. The famous painting. •■Polliee Verso," by G^rome, shows the victor standing over his prostrate rival and look- ing up to the benches for the verdict of the specta- tors, who are represented with thumbs turned down. POLLINATION. Transference of the pollen ( q.v. ) from the stamen of a flower to the stigma of the same flower (self or close pollination) or to that of another flower (cross-pollination). Several terms associated with these processes may be here defined: Autogamy, self-pollination of flowers ; «?/of;((Hii/, cross-pollination : yeitonogamy, cross-pollination between two flowers uiion one plant; xenogamy, between flowers of dilferent plants. Flowers containing both stamens and pis- tils are called monoclinous. or hermaphroditic : if stamens are in one flower and pistils in another, but both kinds are upon the same plant, the plants are said to be diclinous and monoecious (Fig, 1 ) : if upon difl'ercnt plants, dioecious (Fig, 2), Anthesis is the period during which pollina- tion is possible; flowers which remain closed dur- ing this period exhibit cleistogamy (q.v.). those which open all or part of the time exhibit chas- mogamy. Flowers who.se stamens or pistils or both are of unequal lengths are said to show hetcromorphism ; if two lengths occvir, dimor- phism- (Fig. 3) ; if three are present, trimor- phism. In homogamous flowers the stigmas ma- ture when the pollen grains are shed; in dichog- amous. these two periods difTer, If the stigmas mature first, the flower exhibits protogyny or pro-
