PILOTY. 26 fiornian school of painting. He was born in Munieli. October 1, 182ti, the son of the litliog- riipbor KerilinamI Piloty ( 17S(!-I844) . an<l was first instructed by bis father. Entering the Academy at the age of twelve, he was even then an excellent draiif;litsnian, assisting his father, whose litbograpliic business he niana"ed after Hie father's deatli. Impressed by the coloring of the works of Uallait ami liiMve. exhibited at Jlunich in 1843. he made a study trip in 1.S47 to Venice, where Paul 'eionese especially claimed his at- tention. He also studied in Antwerp and Paris (1852), becoming thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the Belgian and French eolorists, as is shown by his "Vouiig Mother Dying" (1849), and "The Nurse" (1853). The latter, which was par- ticularly commended for its brilliant technique and the realistic conception, foreboded a new era in till' school of Munich, theii under the inlluenco of Cornelius's (q.v.) earloonpainting. The suc- cess of this picture brought liim the conimission to paint for the Ma.ximilianeum "The Founding of the Catholic League in KiO!)" (1854). The great triumph achieved with his "Seni Before the Body of Wallenstcin" (1855. New Pinakothek, Munich) led to his appointment as professor at the Academy in 185G. His remarkable career as a teacher soon made the school of Munich the foremost in Germany. On a visit to Haly in 1858 he made the studies for his "Nero on the Ruins of Rome" (1801, National Museum, Buda- pest). His principal works during the next de- cade include "Galilei in Prison (1801, Cologne Museum), "Godfrey of Bouillon and the Crusad- ers Approaching the Holy Sepulchre" ( 1802, Max- imilianeum, Munich), and the "Death of Ca-sar" (1805, Hanover Museum), which is considered his most perfect work as regards composition. He was called to Berlin in 180!). hut was induced by the personal appeal of King Louis II. to remain in Munich, and given the commission to paint "The Triumph of (iernianicus" ( 1873, New Pin- akothek), a replica of which is in the Metropoli- tan Museum, New York. On the death of Kaulbach in 1874. Piloty was appointed director of ihe Academy, and soon after his appointment he began the huge allegorical painting of "Monacbia" (completed 18711) for the new City Hall. .Strangely conspicuous as his only biblical subject appears the (laiable of "The Wise and Foolish Virgins" (1881. ^Metropolitan Museum, New York). His last works were "I'nder the Arena" (1883), "The Council of Three in Venice." ( 1885) , and "The Death of Alexander the Great" (1886. National Gallery. Berlin), which he left unfinished, succumbing to a painful dis- ease at Ainbach, on the Starnberger See, July 21, 1880. His brother Ferdinand (1828-95), born in Munich, studied under Schorn at the Academy and worked siihsci|uciilly iiiKh'r Karl's inlluence. His name is favmalily known llirough historical frescoes in the National .Museum, Munich, the town hall at Landsberg. and the castles of King Louis IL Among his oil paintings may be mentioned "Queen Elizabeth Reviewing Her Army in Sight of the Armada" (Maximilianeum) , anil "Sir Thomas More in Prison Visited by His Daughter" (Wiesbaden Gallery) . He also deserves notice as an illustrator for the Schiller and Shakespeare Galleries. Consult: Regnet, Miin- chpner Kiin.itlrrhilder, il. (Leipzig. 1871) ; Pecht, FILZ. Dctilsche Kihvstler des 19. Jabrhuiiderts, iii. (Niirdlingen, 1881) ; Muther, in AUgemeiiic. (Iiiilxilir liioyrnphie, xxvi. (Leipzig, 1888); and Rosenberg, flesehichtc der viudernen Kunst, iii. (ib.. 188!l). PILPAI, pirpi. See Bidpai. PILS, IsiooRK (1813-75). A French historical and nillitary painter, born in Paris. He was the liupil of Lethi^re, and of Picot ; studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and won the Pri.x de Rome in 1838. His |)icture "Hougct de Lisle Singing the Marseillaise" (1845) attracted much atten- tion. After the Crimean War he [>ainted several rather formal, heavily colored niililary pictures, such as "The Battle on the .lma" ( 1801, Ver- sailles Museum), and "Disembarkation of the Troops in the Crimea." He also decorated ( 1875) the ceiling of the staircase in the new opera- house in Paris with allegorical subjects. He was ajipointed professor at the Ecole in 1803, and was made a member of the Institute in 1808, and an ollicer of the Legi(m of Honor in 1807. He received a first-class medal, Paris Exposition, in 1807, and a medal of honor at the Salon of 1801. His art resembles PicoCs. but is more realistic. Consult liecq de Fou(|ui?res. Iniilorc I'ils (Paris, 1S70). PILSEN^ pil'zcn (Boliem. Pk^vi'i). The sec- ond largest city of the Austrian Crownland of Bohemia, situated in a fertile valley at the con- fluence of the Mies and the Radbusa. 08 miles southwest of Prague (Map: Austria. C 2). It is well laid out and has many fine structures, .among which arc the Gothic Saint Bartholomew's Church (12U2), with the highest spire in Bohemia. 337 feet; a town hall in Kciiaissance style, built ill 1550, containing the banquet hall in which Wal- lenstcin (q.v.) received the oath of fidelity from his generals; a number of museums; various .schools and gymnasia; and a municipal brewery. The brewery occupies a complete district of the town, the cellar alone being four miles long. Pilsener beer is famous all over the world. Aside from its breweries, Pilsen has wire works, bell foundries, paper mills, refineries, glass-blowing establishments, copper works, potteries, etc. The city is governed by a burgomaster and a council of 30 members. Pilsen's population is increasing rapidly. In 1900 it was 27,232, mostly Czechs. In its early days Pilsen was fortified and during the Hussite W'ars it sufl'ered severely. In 1034 twenfy- four followers of Wallenstcin were hung in the market place. The first ]irinting press in Bohe- mia was set up in Pilsen (1408). PILZ, pilts, ViNCENZ (1810-00). An Austrian sculptor, born at Warnsdorf. Bohemia. He studied at the Vienna Academy, at first painting, then sculpture under KUhssmann and Bauer, and in Rome (1849-55) was the pupil of Tenerani and Cornelius. After his return to Vienna he was influenced by Fiihrich and afterwards by Rahl. under whose direction he produced numer- ous reliefs, statues, and groups. The.se include "Science and Commerce." for Windsor Castle; the two "Winged Horses" in front of Memorial Hall at Philadelphia, and in Vienna the "Neptune Group" at the Exchange, si.x statues of antique celebrities for the Museum, ten of composers for the Conservatory, and several of generals for the Arsenal, besides many others for various public buildings.
