PRIMARY ELECTIONS. 394 the dignity of a preliminary election and surround it with the safeguards of law. It is undoubtedly a great step in the direction of purity of elections. See Caucus; Convektiok; Elections. PRIMARY QUALITIES. Those qualities ^vhich are in some systems of philosopliy supposed to belong to the object as it is in itself; its anto- nym is secondary qualities, which are supposed to belong to the object only as it appears in con- sciousness. Various lists of primary qualities have been given. Locke's list includes : ".Solidity, extension, figure, motion or rest, and number." The distinction between primary and secondary qualities cannot be consistently maintained, for the reason that the qualities of the thing-in-itself, even if there were such a thing, could never be known. See Knowledge, Theory of. PRIMATE (Lat. prlma.s, chief, from piiiiuis, first). A title in some of the Christian churches applied to a bishop as first in a province or group of provinces. A metropolitan is a primate as pre- siding in his province, or one of several metro- politans as presiding over others. The title does not seem to have come into ordinary use until the ninth century, after which it was given to the metropolitans of certain sees as the special rep- resentatives of the Pope. It strictly belongs to the Latin Church, but in its general use it cor- responds with that of exarch in Eastern churches. In early usage the primate, as such, was the head of a particular Church or country, and held rank, and in some churches a certain degree of jurisdiction, over all the archbishops and bishops within the national Church. This jurisdiction, however, was confined to the right of visitation and of receiving apix-als. In Africa the Bishop of Carthage, without the title, pos- sessed all the rank and aiithority of a primate. The chief primatial sees of the Western Church have been: in Spain, Seville and Tarragona, af- terwards united in Toledo; in France, Aries, Eheinis, Lyons, and Eouen (the Archbishop of Lyons claiming the title of primat dcs primats) ; in England, Canterbury and York; in Germany, Slainz, Salzburg, and Treves; in Ireland. Ar- magh, and for the Pale, Dublin ; in Scotland, Saint Andrews: in Hungary, Gran: in Poland, Gnesen : and for the Scandinavian coimtries, Lund. In England, as a settlement of the quar- rels between Canterbury and York, the Po]ie desig- nated the Archbishop of Canterbury as primate of all England, while the Archbishop of York was to be known as primate of England. The title of primate is also given to several bishops of the Church of England in the British colonies. In the Episcopal Church of Scotland the title pritiius is given to the presiding bishop. He is chosen by vote of all the bishops without their being bound to give effect to seniority of consecration or precedency of diocese. See Met- ROPOi.iTAN : Patriarch. PRIMATES (Lat., chiefs). The highest or- der of mammals, including man, monkeys, and lemurs (qq.v. ). They are characterized by the presence of well-developed clavicles, two jiectoral mammae, and orbits directed forward, encircled by bone and shut off from the temporal fossoe. The innermost digit of the hands and feet are usually opposalile to the others : this is always so in at least one pair of limbs. The terminal joints of the digits bear flat nails, rarely claws. Tlie incisor teeth are typically two in each jaw, direct- PRIME. ly in front, and canine, premolar, and molar teeth are also present. The brain (except in lenuirs) exhibits a high type of structure, the cerebrum being very large and covering the cerebellum, and the surface of the former is much convoluted. Excepting man, the Primates are arboreal forms and are peculiarly well fitted for such a life. The tail is often long and sometimes prehensile. They are mostly small or medium-sized animals, though some of the anthropoid apes are large. They are omnivorous eaters, but fruit, berries, and other vegetable matter form a large part of their diet. The order is easily divided into two distinct sub- orders, the Lemtiroidea and Anthropoidea^ the former containing only lemurs and their near allies, spectres, pottos, a.ye-ayes, etc. (qq.v.), while the latter includes all the marmosets, mon- keys, baboons, apes, and man (qq.v.). PRIMATICCIO, pre'ma-tPt'cho (called by the French '"Le Primatice"), Francesco (1504- 70). An Italian painter. He was born in Bo- logna, and was the pupil of Innocenzo da Imola and Bagnaoavallo, but was mainly influenced by Giulio Romano, his next master, whom he assisted in the decorations of the Palazzo del Te, in Man- tua. In 1532 he was called by Francis 1. to France, and with Rosso was emjdoyed at Fon- tainebleau. When Rosso died, Primaticcio took his place as director of works there. Before Fran- cis's death Primaticcio had executed his most im- portant frescoes in the Gallery of Ulysses at Fon- tainebleau. which were destroyed when the palace was remodeled in 1738. Under Henry II., Fraiicis 11., and Charles IX.. he gained in fortune, and in 1554 he was made Abbe of Saint jSlartin of Troyes. Catharine de' Jledici appointed him Court architect. In this capacity he made designs for the Valois tombs at Saint-Denis. During the years he spent at the Court of France his taste formed the so-called "school of Fontainebleau." He in- troduced Italian mannerism and so gave France that love for things Italian which predominated its art for more than two centuries. PRIME. See Breviakt. PRIME, Edward Dorr Griffin (1814-91). An American clergyman and journalist. He was liorn at Cambridge, N. Y.. and graduated from Union College in 1S32. He studied at the Theo- logical Seminary at Princeton, where he com- pleted the course in 1838. After some .vears with the Presbyterian Church of Scotchtown, N. Y., in 1840 he went to Xew Orleans for the benefit of his i health, and then assumed the pastorate for a year of the Presbyterian Church in Eighty-sixth Street, New York City. In 1853 he became substitute ; editor of the Xcir York Obscrrcr. while his broth- , er. Samuel lren:ieus. was in Europe. After the brother's return the two maintained an editorial , association until 1885. He continued to edit the paper for a year after his brother's death. He ; made several extended joiirneys aljroad, spent the winter of 1854-55 in Rome, and made a journey i round the world in 1860-70 with the special ob- | ject of studying the religious condition of East- ern countries. He published: Around the World ' (1872) ; Forijf Years in the Turkish Empire; or Memoirs of Rev. ^rill!am (ioodell (187G); Civil i and RelifiioKs Libert)/ in Turkeij (1S75): and Xotes. Gcnealofjieal, Biof/rnphieal, and Bibliogra- phical, of the Prime Familij (privatelv printed, New York, 1888).
