College Entrance Examination Board, whose certificate is accepted in place of the regular examination. The university is organized in three departments, the Academic, the School of Science, and the Graduate School. The college course embraces instruction in the three departments of philosophy, language and literature, mathematics, and natural science. Most of the studies of the freshman year are required, with election between French and German. The elective studies of the sophomore year are Latin, Greek, mathematics, French, and German, while the elective course of the junior year occupies two-thirds of the student's time, and the senior year offers seven elective courses. Optional courses are also offered for those who wish to extend their work in special studies. In the John C. Green School of Science four-year undergraduate courses in general science lead to the degree of B.S., and the courses in chemistry and electricity to the degrees of C.E. and E.E. The graduate department offers over 200 courses of study leading to the master's and doctor's degree in arts and science. A number of fellowships, ranging in value from $200 to $600, are offered for advanced work.
The university campus now consists of 225 acres. Nassau Hall (1750) contains the histological and paleontological laboratories, the laboratory of experimental psychology, the department library of geology and paleontology, and the museum. The dormitories include West College (1836); Reunion Hall (1870), named to commemorate the reunion of the Old and New Schools of the Presbyterian Church; Witherspoon Hall (1877); Edwards Hall (1880); Albert B. Dod Hall (1890); David Brown Hall (1891); Blair Hall, (1897), a sesquicentennial gift from the Hon. John Insley Blair; Stafford Little Hall (1899), which is joined by an extension erected in 1902; and University Hall (1876). Upper and Lower Pyne buildings were erected in 1896. The sod was turned by President Wilson for a new dormitory, presented by the class of 1879, on the day of his inauguration, October 25, 1902. There are two library buildings, the Chancellor Green Library (1873), refitted as the working library of the university,and the New Library Building, dating from the sesquicentennial. It is connected with the Chancellor Green Library. The general collection occupying the united buildings in 1903 numbered 175,000 volumes and 47,000 unbound periodicals and manuscripts. Departmental libraries and special collections raise the number of volumes at the disposal of the students to a total of over 265,000. The museums comprise those in geology and archæology, biology, historic art, and mathematical models. The laboratories include the magnetic observatory, in connection with the School of Electrical Engineering; the chemical, histological, biological, paleontological, and civil engineering laboratories, with the mineralogical collections of the School of Science. Other important university buildings are the Halsted Observatory, containing the Clark equatorial, of 23 inches aperture, for scientific work, chiefly in the department of astronomical physics; the observatory of instruction, with a Clark equatorial of 9½ inches aperture, devoted entirely to the use of students; the Isabella McCosh Infirmary, erected by alumni and friends of the university; Dickinson Hall (1870), for the work of the academic department; Marquand Chapel (1881); Alexander Hall, seating 1500 persons, and used for commencement exercises and other public occasions; and the gymnasium (1869). A new gymnasium was erected in 1902-03 by the alumni at a cost of more than $280,000.
The university provides pecuniary aid to deserving students through a large number of endowed scholarships and charitable funds. In 1903 the total student attendance was 1383, and the faculty numbered 108. The endowment is about $2,500,000, and the annual income about $275,000.
PRINCIPAL (Lat. principalis, chief, from princeps, first, chief, prince). A legal term having several different applications. Thus, in criminal law, all actually participating in the commission of a crime or who are present aiding and abetting in its commission are principals, while those who aid or abet before or after its commission are termed accessories. Actual physical presence is not necessary to constitute one a principal. One may be a principal who is only constructively present at the commission of the crime by aiding in its commission at the time. See Accessory.
In the law of agency, one who appoints an agent is called a principal. (See Agent; Master and Servant.) In the law of suretyship, the principal debtor for whom another becomes surety is known as a principal. See Suretyship; Frauds, Statute of.
PRINCIPAL. The name given to an important stop of the organ, of 4-foot pitch on the manual, and 8-foot pitch on the pedal. It is sometimes termed the octave stop, because it is tuned one octave above the diapasons. It stands midway in pitch between the diapasons and the fifteenth; and in tuning an organ it is, owing to its clearness of tone, the best stop to begin with for the adjustment of other stops; probably from this fact it derives its name. See Organ.
PRINCIPAL AND AGENT. The legal rules governing this relationship are set forth under the heading Agent, and the subject in its general aspects is there discussed. For the special doctrines applicable to the most important examples of this relationship, see Attorney; Auction; Broker; Commission Merchant; Del Credere; Factor; Shipmaster.
PRINCIPAL AND SURETY. A phrase descriptive of two persons who are indebted to a third, but whose relations are such as to make it the duty of the principal to discharge the debt and save the surety harmless therefrom. See Guaranty; Suretyship; and the authorities there cited.
PRÍNCIPE, prē̇n′thē̇-pā̇. A district on the east coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, belonging to the Province of Tayabas (q.v.).
PRINCIPE (prē̇n′chē̇-pe), Il (It., the Prince). A celebrated short political treatise by Niccoli Machiavelli (1513) showing how a ruler might gain and extend absolute power. Cesare Borgia was presumably the model for the prince, and the dissimulation and treachery advocated to attain success made Machiavelli's principles synonymous with political infamy. A modern view has credited him with ardent longing for Italian unity and with the purpose of portraying merely the methods of his day.
