PROHIBITION. 436 PROJECTILES. Templars in session at Kiehniond, Ind. In May, 186'J. tile Grand Lodge recommended the calling of a national convention, and in September such a convention vas held at Chicago and the Na- tional Prohibition Partv was there organized. In the State elections of the ne.xt three years candi- dates were nominated by the party, but received relatively few votes. On February ii, 1872. the first Xational Convention met at Columbus. Ohio, nominated James Black of Pennsylvania and John Russell of Michigan as their candidates for President and Vice-President respectively, and adopted a platform « hieh besides advocating pro- hibition declared fur woman suffrage, a direct popular vote for President and Vice-President, a sound currency, the encouragement of im- migration, and a reduction in transportation rates. In the ensuing election only 5.007 votes were cast for the party's candidates. In 1876 Green Clay Smith of Kentucky was nominated for President and G. T. Stewart of Ohio for Vice- President, but the ticket received only 0,787 votes. In 1880 the candidates for President and Vice-President. Xeal Dow of Maine and H. A. Thomjjson of Ohio, received 9,G7S votes. In 1884 Governor Saint .Tohn of Kansas was nominated on a platform which, ignoring other issues, declared only for temperance. He made an active cam- paign and received L50.(!20 votes. In 1888 the Prohibition candidates, Clinton B. Fisk of New Jersey and John A. Brooks of ilissouri, received 249,954 votes, the platform in this year declar- ing for woman suffrage, uniform marriage and divorce laws, restriction of immigration, a tariff for revenue only, and civil-service reform. In 1892 the platform of the party, besides declaring for ])rohibition, advocated, among other things, woman suffrage, civil-service reform, anti- monopoly laws, currency reform, and restriction of immigration. In this year the party's candi- dates, John Bidwcll of California and -T. B. Cranfil of Texas, received 270,710 votes, the largest number so far recorded, A split in the party occurred in 1896. The party in the South was opposed to a woman's suffrage plank and the delegates were divided on the money ques- tion. Those who wished to confine the party to a single issue were in the majority, and their opponents left to form a Liberal Party, whose candidate, Bently, received only about 14,000 votes. The regular candidate (Levering) re- ceived 1.31.757 votes. Dr. S. C. Swallow, who represented the broad-gauge party in 1900, was defeated by John G. Woolley, the nominee of those advocating the single issue, who in the Presidential election received 207, .368 votes. The ]iarty never had a purely national issue until 1900, when the question of the army canteen and liquor in the Philippines attracted atten- tion. The party organ is The Voice (New York City), started September 25, 1884. In a treaty of 1889 between the LTnited States, Cireat Britain, and Germany prohibition for the Samoan Islands was established. Canada took a plebiscite on prohibition. September 29. 1898. on which occasion 278.487 votes were yeas and 264.- 571 nays. Since the majority vote was only 23 per cent, of the electorate, the Government has not felt called upon to initiate legislation. In Eng- land the United Kingdom Alliance to procure total and immediate legislation for the suppres- sion of traffic in intoxicating liquors and bev- erages has worked actively for prohibition. The question of compen^^aliun forms a financial bar- rier to the enactment of a law. In the United States the Supreme Court (December 5. 1887) decided that the Kansas law making no provision for compensation does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Prohibition has had no complete trial in the United States, because of the inter- state commerce laws. The 'original package' case {Bowman vs. Chicago and Sorthnestern It. II., 125 U. S. 465) stated that no prohibi- tion States could prevent interstate railroads and express companies from carrying liquors to any point within the State. The conclusions in- dorsed by the Committee of Fifty, a voluntarily constituted group of distinguished men, who have long been engaged upon a thorough investigation, are: (1) That prohibition has abolished or pre- vented the manufacture of liquor on a large scale within certain areas ; (2) that the suppres- sion of retail trade is dependent upon local senti- ment, and is more successful in the country than in the city; (3) that efforts to enforce the law lead to hypocrisy, bribery, corruption, and law- breaking. Consult: Wheeler, Prohibition: the Principles and the Party (New York, 1889) ; Cyclopcedia of Temperance and Prohibition (ib., 1891). See TEMrER.XCE. PROHIBITORY DUTIES. See Tariff. PROJECTILES (from project, OF. projecter, projflcr, Vr. piojctcr. to project, from Lat. pro- jectare, to thrust forth, fre<iuentative of proji- cere, to throw forward, from pro, before, for + jacere, to throw; connected with Gk. IdTrreiv, iaptein, to throw). Objects thrown forward by an impulse of short duration. Projectiles have been a form of offensive weapon from the earliest days of warfare when a stone or similar missile was thrown from the hand or from some simple de- vice. The development of guns (see Artillery; Guns, N.wal) necessitated suitable forms of projectiles. The earliest were of stone, some- times merely hags of round pebbles. The larger stone projectiles were made to fit the gun loosely and were generally, though not always, spherical and often very neatly and smoothly cut, A few stone elongated projectiles are known to have been used, but they were not common. Iron pro- jectiles came into general use in Europe in the fifteenth centui-y, though stone was used more or less for some centuries after this. The diffi- culty of tightly closing the breech caused the dis- use of breech-loading cannon and prevented the early development of the heavy rifled gun. Rifled small arms (q.v.) using a spherical bullet have been in more or less use for three centuries. Smooth-bore guns almost invariably used spher- ical projectiles very slightly smaller than the bore of the gun, the difference being termed the uindnge. The resistance to the movement of a projectile through the air is proportional to the cross- section perpendicular to the line of flight, and the power of the projectile to over- come the resistance is proportional to its weight multiplied by the square of the velocity. For a given velocity, therefore, we may say that the ratio of power of resistance varies roughly as W jyi- where W is the weight and D the diameter expressed in the usual units. This is not strictly correct, for there are other factors (shape, den-
