PRONUNCIATION. 443 PRONUNCIATION. the penult, or last syllable. but one. In names from Latin having a short penult in the Latin the accent is usually on the antepenult in Italian. A graphic or printed accent on a word usually denotes the spoken accent, except when the acute accent occurs over the vowel i in the terminations ia, io, and in a few cases where, an accent is used to distinguish words spelt alike, but having difi'erent meanings. In PoUsli the accent is usually on the penult. In PortiKjmse the accent is generally upon the last syllable, e.xcept in case of names ending in a vowel, wlien it is mostly on tlie penult. In Russian no rule exists that is surticiently general to be worth stating. The accent must be determined in each case by itself. In Spanish the accent is gen- erally on the penult in words ending in a vowel or in the consonant n or s. and in other cases it is usually on the last syllable. A graphic accent indicates stress, or spoken accent ; and when a final syllable ending in a vowel or in n or s is accented, the best present usage (that of the Academy) is to place a graphic accent on that syllable, and in like manner when a word termi- nating in a consonant other than n or .s has the accent on the penult that syllable bears the graphic accent. In Turkish the last S3'llable is generally lightly accented. In ^Yelsh the accent is nn the ])enult, except in a few cases where it is on the final syllable. The Letters — Vowels and Consonants. It is impossible within the scope of this article to make any attempt at a complete statement of the values of the letters and their combinations, even in the languages of the modern civilized races. The following al])habetic list is intended only to afl'ord a clue to answer those questions that are likely to be looked up in a general vi'ork of this character. The statements refer, of course, only to tlie modern foreign languages that use the Roman alphabet, except as otherwise noted above. A generally has the value of a in English far. bath, fast, or sometimes one approaching the sound of a in English cat; in Hungarian a is nearly o in hut, and u as a in far; short a in Sanskrit and in many East Indian names is as H in hut; a in French is nearly as a in far. A in Rumanian is as i in tin; in French nearly as a in far. A or .E. See ae, below. A in Rumanian resembles e in hrr. f in Polish is like a in fall nasalized. See N below. A in Portuguese. See am below. A in Swedish is like a in all, or sometimes resembling o in obey, AA in Danish and Norwegian is like a in all, or sometimes resembling o in ubci/ ; in Dutch equals older E. See AE, below. JE. In German ae (or a) is nearly as a in fate or in senate, or as e in set; in Dutch ae (now spelt on), and in Flemish ae, is like a in far; in Swedish ae (or a) is like e in set or in there; in Danish and Norwegian ae is often like a in sat; in Welsh ae is somewhat like i in ice. AE in Portuguese is like i in ice, nasalized, or pronounced through the nose. Ai or AJ (when / is a vowel) is in most eases a proper diphthong, essentially like the sound of aye, 'yes.' It is often best represented b.y a 'long i' (i in this work). In French ai is nearly as fl in fate; in modern Greek as e in set or a in senate; in Hungarian aj is as oi in boil, and (ij nearly as the sound of aye. AIL, AiLL, AIM, AIN, in French. See IL, ill, etc., below. AJ. See ai, above. AM, an. in French and Portuguese, when final or preceding a consonant other than m or n, have the sound of a in far. nasalized. (See N, below.) In Frencli em and en, and in Portuguese «, have the same sound. AO in Portuguese is as ou in house, nasalized. AU generally is like on in house. In French it is like o in no; in modern Greek ( au ) , like ae. except before surd or mute consonants, when it is like af. AU in German is like oi in boil. AV in Danisli is usually like AU (see above) before a consonant. AW in Welsh is like ou in house. AY is generally like ai. (See above.) When it precedes a vowel, however, the y is often treated as a consonant, as in French and Spanish, and the preceding a given its projier value. H at the end of a word, and generally when followed by a consonant, is pronounced like p in German, Dutch, and the Slavic languages. In Spanisli and modern Greek its sound is like a i; made with the lips alone, and not with the lips and teeth. It is often interchanged with v. BH in East Indian names. See ii, below. c before e, i, or )/ in German is like ts (Ger. z) ; in French, Portuguese, and Catalan, like s; before e and i in Italian it is like eh in church; in (Castilian) Spanish, like th in thin, but in S])anish America and parts of Spain like .s in sun; in Rumanian before t it is like k; in Welsh and Gaelic it is alwajss like k; in the Slavic languages it is like ts. e; is like s in set. c in Bohemian. Croatian, Servian, and Bul- garian is like eh in chin. o in Polish is like eh in chin. cc in Italian is like t-eh, as in chit-chat. cii in Spanish, and generally in Sanskrit and East Indian names, is pronounced as in chin; in Italian and Catalan, like k; in German, with the same guttural sounds as jr (see G below) ; in Polish, with a similar gut- tural sound; in French and in Portuguese, like sh in shin (except in some classical deriva- tives ) , cs in Hungarian is as eh in chin. cu in Spanisli when followed by a vowel is like qu in quick, unless the u has the diferesis (it) or is accented («). cz in Polish is like eh in chin; in Hungarian, like ts. D in German, Dutch, and the Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, etc.), when final, and generally when preceding a surd in the same syllable, is pronounced as t ; in S]ianish, modern (lireek, and Danish when between two vowels or final it ha* a softened sound, usually stated to be like th in then; in Danisli and Korwcgian it is silent or mute after an I or n in the same syllable. DD in Welsh is like th in then. DH in East Indian names. See H, below. DT is like * in hit. nz is like j in jet. E is geneially equivalent, or nearly so, to a in savior or a in cerate, to e in set, or to e in there. In most foreign words the lonfr
