PRONUNCIATION. 447 PRONtTNCIATION. N in Spanish, :^ in Polish, and x in Bohemian, Bulgarian, Croatian; and Servian are like ni in union. NO in German is always like ng in singer. Nil in Portuguese is like Spanish N. See above. NY in Hungarian is like Spanish N. See above. o is usually like o in note, oiey, or for; but it frec|uently shades away from these sounds toward those of o in not, a in far, a in cast; but these variations, unless very pronouncpd, may be suliicii'iitly well represented as the 6 (see Key to Pronunciation^ more or less slurred or cdipped in pronunciation. O in Swedish has the sound of oo in boot or u in full when final or constitut- ing a syllable, and also in the syllables -nord, ■port when final. 6 in Polish is as M in rude or in full. o (or sometimes oe) has no equivalent in Eng- lish, but resembles e in her, and is the same as French en. o in French is as o in no. in Portuguese is o as in no, nasalized. See M, above. OE is sometimes used for o (above), with the same value: in Dutch it is as u in rude, full; in Low German names, like o in note; in Welsh, somewhat like oi in ioil. 6e in Portuguese is like oi in oil, nasalized. See M, above. (EU in French is like Er (above). 01 is usually nearly like oi in boil; but in French is regularly nearly like ua in watch; in modern (ireek like i' in pique. oix in French is Frencli in (above) preceded by English ir. 00 is usually o as in no. oh. ou in French and modern Greek is like u in rude, full: in Dutch and Norwegian like on in mouse; in Portuguese, nearly as o in no. ouw in Dutch is nearly as ou in mouse. ow in Low German names is as o in no. P is as in English. Qu in French always, and in Spanish and Portuguese before e or j, has the sound of k : in German it is like Arr. Otherwise it is usually equal to kir, as in Spanish and Portuguese before n, 0, or », in Italian in all situations, etc. Qv in Swedish is equal to Ac. B is usually pronounced with much more trill than it has in English. A gutturalized r is also heard, as in some pronunciations of French and German, that has no equivalent in English. 5 in Bohemian is like r followed by the sound of ; in azure. BZ in Polish is like the sound of ; in azure. s has the sound of z in zinc, or nearly so, in German when hefcire a vowel and not preceded by a surd or liquid : in French, when between two vowels or when carried over to the following word. It has the sound of sh in shine in Hun- garian; in Portuguese, when final or before a surd (except s) : in German, before p or t (al- though the sound of s is also supported by good usage). It has the sound of zh (z in azure) in Portuguese before a sonant consonant. In Ital- ian s before a vowel is sometimes like s and some- times like z. depending on usage. Otherwise than as above noted, s is usually like s in sin, as al- ways in Spanish, Dutch, and Swedish. _ s in Bohemian. Bulgarian, Croatian, and Ser- vian is like sh in shun'. s in Rumanian is like sh in shun; SC is like sh followed by t, before e or i. SC in Italian before e and i is like sh in sbun. SCH in German is like sh in shun; in Italian and Rumanian, before e or i, like sk in skin; in Dutch before vowels, except obscure e, like SG (see below), otherwise like s. ■SG in Dutch is -5 followed by the guttural g of Dutch, resembling sk in English. sj if Dutch, Swedish, and Danish is like sh in shun. SK is like sli in shun in Swedish and Nor- wegian before e, i, or g. SKJ in Swedish and Nonvegian is nearly as sh in shun. ss in Hungarian is a strong sh in shun; but elsewhere usually indicates a surd s, single or doubled, as in German, Dutch, etc.; in Italian it is sometimes equal to ss, sometimes to zz. s.sz in Hungarian is a prolonged s sound. STJ in Swedish is nearly as sh in shun. sz in Hungarian is as s in siyi; in Polish as sh in shun. T after n in modern Greek is as d. , T in Rumanian is as ts in pits. TH in modern Greek { 9 ), Welsh, and Icelandic is like th in thin; otherwise like t, or th in thyme, in all the modern European languages. Tscii in German is as ch in ehurch. TY in Hungarian. See T, below. TZ is as ts in pits. u is usually as in rule (oo) or put (u). In French and in open syllables in Dutch it sounds somewhat like u in put. The correct sound may be appro-ximated by attempting to pronounce § with the lips in the position for pronouncing 66. In Welsh u is like i in mavhine; in Rumanian it is usually silent when final. U (sometimes printed «c in German and Turk- ish) is like tt in French. See above. UE, except when representing «, usually com- bines the sound of « and e, more or less closely joined in proniuiciation. t:i in French is much like Eng. ice (but see GU, QU, above) ; in Dutch nearly as oi in boil. Uil, UN, in French are nearly as e in her, nasal- ized ; in Portuguese as Portuguese u, nasalized. See M, above. uu in Dutch is Dutch u prolonged. UY in French is like ri (see above), except before a vowel, when it is like ui followed by y as in you. v in German, Dutch, and the Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, etc.) is as f in fin when final in a word, or (usually) in a corresponding part of a compound ; otherwise as i- in rine. w in German, Swedish, Xorwegian, and Pol- ish is like V in vine ; in Dutch it is like a le made without rounding the lips; in Welsh it is usually as 00 in food. X in modern Spanish is usually as x in fox; sometimes it is as J or G. (See g, above.) In colonial Spanish, especially Mexican, and in some dialects in Spain, it often is as s in sin. In Port- uguese X has the sound of sh in English. Y is generally like i in machine. In Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian it is like Fh-eneh u; ym and yn in French are like ini and in. z is as ts in hats in German; in Swedish. Danish, and Norwegian, like s (see above) ; in Spanish like th in thin, but in .meriean Spanish and in some dialects in S|iain like s in sin; in
