PKOTEINS. 469 PROTESTANTISM. soluble protcid, which iiiny be brought about (1) by heat; (2) by fennents, as for instance when milk is coagulated by rennet: (3) and when an insoluble proteid is produced by certain reagents, as nitric acid. Therer aie preeipitants of pro- teids which give a precipitate readily soluble in suitable reagents, as saline solution. In such cases the dissolved proteid continues to show its typical reactions. Bibliography. Ritthausen, Die Eiiceisskiirper der Gctreidearten, BUlsenfriichte und Oelsamen (Bonn, 1872) ; * Hanimarsten, .1 Tcxt-liook of Physiolorjkal Chemistry, translated by ilandel (New Vork, 1901) ; 'Bevcia., Agricultural Botany lib., inOO) : Osborne and associates. Studies of Proieids (Connecticut State Experiment Sta- tion's Reports, 1890-1901). PKOTELES. See Aard-Wolf. PEO'TEROa'LYPHA (Xeo-Lat. nora. pi., from 77p6r£poCj protcros, fore, comp. of ~p6, pro, be- fore + y).vij>civ, glyphein. to carve). A section of the great group of colubrine serpents including those in which the anterior maxillary teeth are so deeply grooved as to apjjear tubular, and which form enlarged "fangs' for the conveyance of poison into the wound made by their bite. (Compare Opisthoglypha.) All are extremely poisonous, most are viviparous, and they are dis- tributed throughout all the warmer jjarts of the world, except iladagascar and New Zealand. Boulenger and other recent authorities make the group include the colubrine cobras and coral- Snakes (Elapina?); the sea-snakes (Hj'dro- phin*) ; the Amblycephalidse ; and the vipers and rattlesnakes (Viperidae). PRO'TESILA'US(Lat., from Gk. llpuiTe(jiao%, PrOlcsiliiua) . A legendaiy King of Phylace, in Thessaly. son of .Jason, and brother of Podarces. He married Laodamia, and soon after sailed with the other Greeks to the Trojan War. Accord- ing to the story, he was the first Greek to spring on shore, and also the first to fall by the hand of Hector. His young wife, Laodamia, overwhelmed with grief at the news, besought the gods that he might return, if for only tliree hours. Her prayer was granted ; Hermes led Protesilaus back to earth, and when the allotted time had passed Laodamia slew herself that she might not again be separated from her husband. According to another version, which seems to have been fol- lowed by Euripides in a lost tragedy. Laodamia made an image of her husband and lavished af- fection on it. Her father, Acastus, sought to take it from her. Protesilaus, probably at his own prayer, returned for a brief space from the lower world, and Laodamia, as in the other story, accompanied him on his return. The legend is represented on several sarcu])liagi. There was a tomb and sacred precinct of Protesilaus at Elaios on the extremity of the Thracian Chersonese, and apparently an oracle connected with it. In Thes- saly also a festival called the Protesilaia was celebrated with athletic contests. PROTEST' (from Lat. protestari. protestare, to declare publicly, bear witness, from pro, be- fore, for -- testari, to bear witness, from testis, witness), Certificate of. A formal document by a notary public, or other duly authorized person, attesting the truth of some statement of fact, therein contained. It makes its appearance, at times, in shipping transactions, when it eon- tains a statement on behalf of the master of accidents, or injury, or Ijreaches of duty by char- terers or consignees, causing delay or damage to the ship; or a statement by the shipper against the master for misconduct, or delay or refusal to sign customary bills of lading. It is most frequently employed, however, in connection with negotiable paper, for the purpose of affording inexpensive evidence that the paper therein de- scribed has been duly dishonored. The law mer- chant, as it has been understood in England and in this country, requires a protest only in case of a fore(gn bill of exchange. By modern stat- utes, however, it is authorized and the fees and expenses thereof are collectible, in the case of an inland bill, check, or promissory note. The protest is to be made by a notary public under his hand and official seal; or by a respectable resident of the place where the instrument is dis- honored, in the presence of two or more creditable witnesses. On the day of dishonor, the notary should make a memorandum of the fact that the paper has been duly presented and dishonored. This is termed 'noting.' At his convenience there- after, he may extend the protest : that is, draw lip, sign, and seal the formal certificate. This document must specify: (1) the time and place of presentment: (2) the fact that presentment was made and the manner thereof; (3) the cause or reason for protesting the bill ; (4) the demand made and the answer given, if any, or the fact that the drawer, or accepter, or maker could not be found. The term 'protest' is often used to designate all of the proceedings which are necessary to fi.x the liability of a drawer or indorser. In this sense, it includes the notice of dishonor. As a techni- cal term of the law of negotiable paper, however, it is limited to its original signification of a document prepared to bear witness to {protes- tari) the fact of dishonor. Consult: Brooke, Treatise on the Office and Practice of a fiotary of England (London, 1901) ; Daniels, A Treatise on the Law of Negotiable Instruments (New York, 1903). PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHtTRCH. See Episcopal C'ihrch. PROTESTANTISM. A term which has be- come a general designation for the sj'stem adopted by the Reformers in the sixteenth cen- tury and followed by their successors in later times. The name Protestant was first applied to the adherents of Luther, from their protesting against the decree passed by the Catholic States at the second diet of Speyer in l.i29. This decree had forbidden any further innovations in religion and enjoined those States that had adopted the new principles so far to retrace their steps as to reintroduce the mass, order their ministers to avoid disputed questions, and use and ex- plain the Scriptures only as they had hitherto been used and explained in the Church. The es- sential principles involved in the protest, and in the arguments on which it was grounded, were: ( 1 ) that the Roman Catholic Church cannot be the judge of the reformed churches, which are no longer in communion with her; (2) that the au- thority of the Bible is supreme, and above that of councils and bishops; (3) that the Bible is not to be interpreted and used accor<ling to tradition or use and wont, but to be explained by means of itself — its own language and connection. As this doctrine, that the Bible, explained independently of all external tradition, is the sole authority in
